Intercultural Aspect Of Culture Essay Example for Free

Intercultural Aspect Of Culture Essay Before advancing an intercultural model of compromise it is imperative to comprehend and recognize parts of culture that lead to production of the structure of contention. The social range holds various shades for an individual, a general public and a country, likewise helping every one of them to absorb and adjust to a typical personality that is characterized and molded by culture (Holliday, Hyde and Kullman, 2004). During the time spent advancing this aggregate personality, culture rises above its conventional job of giving a total allowance of faith based expectations, customs, standards, values, morals, conventions, good, social and lawful codes, discernments, and reasoning, to turn into the general physical structure for the general public to work. Culture is firmly related with topographical setting of a spot, religion, ethnicity, and race, clarifying why various nations have various societies, and furthermore why places on beach share normal components of culture that is very not quite the same as culture of hilly places. The engraving of culture on ways an individual thinks, acts, sees the earth and models his/her response is extremely solid and essentially permanent, deciding each part of human conduct and offering ascend to social personality notwithstanding individual and national character. In spite of the fact that the exemplary objective decision system says that individuals are autonomous in decision of their conduct and approach towards occasions, its seen that at inconspicuous levels the auxiliary model gave by culture goes about as definite determinant in foreseeing an individual, a general public and a country. In spite of the fact that culture is dynamic, developing and constantly redesigning itself, basically, these progressions happen inside the setting of culture’s own time period. One of the most significant commitment of culture to human development is the direction given towards different societies, making the way of life being referred to responsive, open minded, unconcerned or by and large antagonistic towards various societies. Social orders are only here and there mono-social, showing a scope of social attributes, accomplished through ages of exchanges, contact, and multifaceted blending (Holliday, Hyde and Kullman, 2004). Be that as it may, despite the fact that for individuals having a place with a specific culture, their way of life would scarcely appear to be mind boggling, the social truths are covered up underneath the surface, hard to watch and perceive from outside. These inappropriate understanding and blemished impression of culture frequently offer ascent to struggle when various societies are required to meet or run over. In the workshops I have gone to I have run over individuals from different social foundation and my first endeavor is consistently to know as much conceivable as about them; not their individual inclinations, yet their social direction and theory. My this methodology has helped me monstrously in building up a comprehension of different societies, however my own versatility and adaptability in my connection towards them Conflict and Culture Conflict is a basic piece of human culture. At the point when various individuals of collaborate with their own individual viewpoints, see focuses, philosophies, social and social foundations and scholarly improvement then contrasts and discussions will undoubtedly emerge as an intelligent and inescapable outcome of the connection (Killian and Pammer Jr. 2003, 3). These distinctions, followed up on by contrary interests of achieving individual objectives, change into struggle inside gatherings, social orders and countries. (Rahim, 2001,1) The more noteworthy the decent variety and more extravagant the profile of a general public, the more noteworthy is the degree and scope of its installed strife. Thusly it is basic to teach individuals on comprehension and dealing with strife and treat as a fundamental part of a vote based society that is significant for building up a solid public activity (Killian and Pammer Jr. 2003, 3). In each contention, regardless of whether it is individual or at social scale, culture has consistently a significant task to carry out. Contingent on the entertainers in question and the setting of contention, the job of culture in strife can be immediate or inconspicuous, however it is consistently present as a definitive factor in choosing the extent of contention, its heading or its result. Culture even chooses the presence of contention, for individuals who are implanted in the way of life of considering world to be an amicable substance, may not know about any contention through their life. In all the significant questions, discussions and contradiction occurring around world, contrasts in social personalities and observations are central causative variables. An additional proof of the job that culture plays is displayed by harmony and concordance existing among social orders that have same culture, for example, saw among USA and Britain, sharing same verifiable and social roots. Each contention, regardless of whether it is trans-generational, geological, strict, hierarchical, or individual, has a social part included. Individuals cherished in their own way of life regularly respond with threatening vibe against any social character that seems in opposition to their point of view and thoughts. It follows in this manner that any exertion of compromise needs to consolidate social comprehension and recognize the presence and need of decent variety (in the same place). By and by I have experienced social distinction in context of style of correspondence. A portion of my partners, having a place with various social foundation, at first protested the immediate and blunt strategy for correspondence that is followed in US, as this, as indicated by them comprises a mellow degree of impudence. In any case, as they absorbed themselves with the general encompassing, they understood that the immediate idea of correspondence is a standard, not an abnormality. Correspondence and Conflict Communication is significant, as it is the mode of passing on message, framing the main interface in technique for compromise. Correspondence is quite often inside the setting of culture, and culture decides the essentialness of words just as signals and non-verbal articulations, managing individuals with decisions of high setting or low setting correspondence, contingent on their social development and capacity to deal with multi-culturalism and suit a scope of assessments and thoughts other than those recognizable to them (Grosse, 2002). During the underlying period of social recognition, correspondence happens at low setting, implying that individuals depend more on direct verbal correspondence, which is pretty much strict in nature. As the social relationship advances, correspondence communication pushes forward on continuum to turn out to be high setting, and it turns out to be progressively relational and logical, limiting odds of misconception and disarray. Successful diverse correspondence is focused upon information, sympathy and intercultural affectability (on the same page). The right methodology in such cases is be adaptable, versatile and responsive to all perspectives, regardless of how opposite or unintelligible they show up.. A constructive and patient listening mentality is additionally important as it permits individuals to comprehend feelings of others and makes them discernible to exchange see focuses. At last, the most significant characteristic in culturally diverse correspondence is acknowledgment that each culture is right in its own specific situation and each needs to yield some ground to arrive at an amicable accord (on the same page). In my endeavors to comprehend and think about different societies, I have consistently depended on powerful relational abilities, that incorporate both hearing and imparting. Actually I have felt that individuals from various societies promptly share their social foundation, their convictions, customs and conventions as I myself do in a multi-social condition, as we as a whole need to be surely known and acknowledged. Undivided attention and blunt relational abilities have significantly helped me in building up snappy affinity in any multi-refined condition. Conversation on intercession and aptitudes in compromise Successful correspondence procedures are keys to determine strife by giving channels that give articulation of complaints and unite clashing gatherings. In the field of peace promotion, correspondence procedures help through the channels of 1. Arrangement: Negotiation has risen as a significant type of refereeing inside authoritative and social arrangements. As such examination in correspondence hypothesis in peace making has begun to give close consideration to correspondence practices, types and techniques towards effective arrangement. Arrangement, as a piece of overseeing struggle, requires invested individuals to exchange recommendations for settlement that incorporate, out of court settlements, business contracts, aggregate bartering contract and so on (Womack, 1990, 32). As Womack further explains, for the most part the procedure of exchange continues through intentions that are both serious and agreeable. The methodology of correspondence in the whole procedure of arrangement is worried about the messages that are moved among moderators and the concerned gatherings. Correspondence intercedes during the time spent arrangement through its both verbal and nonverbal structures and establishes the whole base on which the objectives and terms of the deal are arranged. Correspondence assumes the focal job in not just building up the relationship among the gatherings in strife, yet in addition in deciding its course. It is additionally focal in each type of bartering process, regardless of whether the dealing is accomplished for hierarchical type of refereeing, includes compromise, arrangement on legitimate understandings or for exchange in between bunch an intra bunch strife. The whole job of correspondence in arrangement procedures and techniques is very immense and it ranges from characterizing the contention issues, choice and usage of systems to introducing and guarding the reasonable other options lastly helping in coming to on an answer (Womack, 1990, 35). 2. Outsider intercession: Third gathering mediation in strife circumstance is a dubious and testing sit

The Hound of the Baskervilles Horror or whodunnit Essay Example For Students

The Hound of the Baskervilles Horror or whodunnit? Exposition This exposition will break down The Hound of the Baskervilles to check whether it is a frightfulness or whodunit. The tale was first distributed in nineteen hundred and two and proceeded to turn into a success with the Victorian open. It is a story set in a former time when odd notion was overflowing and individuals accepted profoundly in the intensity of revile. Motivation for Arthur Conan Doyle to compose this book came all of a sudden and from a surprising source. It was after Fletcher Robinson, a companion of Doyles educated him concerning the scourge of the dog from hellfire that they started to examine for the book. We will compose a custom article on The Hound of the Baskervilles Horror or whodunnit? explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Doyle and Robinson visited the most distressing areas where the eeriest of sentiments would disentangle. The amazing content utilized in depicting the setting gave the more believable environmental factors for the extraordinary happenings to happen, utilizing four fundamental spots which all depict a sentiment of scare; The grimpen soil with its rising yells. A stage there implies passing to man or mammoth. The fields portrayed as being, So huge, thus infertile, thus secretive. Merripit house was to be known as the, Bleak field land house. Furthermore, Baskerville lobby was more than once depicted as Dim and solemn. The Script that Doyle utilized very likely portrays settings of secret. The happening to the dog. Was accepted to have tormented the Baskerville family for quite a long time and should have been examined. Doyle needed his book to interest his perusers and now with the chance of a heavenly marvel he had a hypothesis to unravel. With his achievement of expanding the appraisals of Doyles past books there could be just a single individual for the activity. With his rationale thinking and involvement with criminology who better to star as a primary character than an investigator who could come back from the dead; Mr Sherlock Holmes, and there in his celebrated Barker Street office the story starts. Doyle with the help of Fletcher prevailing with regards to making this book as holding as could be expected under the circumstances and is written in a manner that would engage a shifted scope of perusers at whatever day and age. In light of Doyles interest with the extraordinary I think he needed this book to be named a frightfulness story and from various perspectives he succeeds, with its nitty gritty realistic symbolism of The monster And its Blazing eyes and trickling jaws Instantly presenting a chill factor. Doyle additionally utilizes creature symbolism which is typically done to make somebody sound more startling than they resemble when he depicts Stapleton as a, major slender jawed pike and a Wiry bulldog it naturally changes him into an all the more alarming being. Ghastliness was proposed to be infused into the story by Doyle as he utilized things in a manner to recommend the Great dark brute to be overwhelming and the similar sounding word usage increments to the dread. The action words used to depict activities presented a specific measure of dread to me, similar to the manner in which the thing Tore the throat out of Hugo Baskerville. Doyle composed of scenes that any ghastliness devotee would acknowledge however I figure it is unreasonable to arrange this novel as a frightfulness story in light of the fact that in spite of the fact that Doyles content is pressed with scenes of repulsiveness, it isn't consistent not normal for the delineation of secret which runs all through the entire novel, additionally as Arthur Conan Doyle chose to bring a criminologist in with the general mish-mash it would clearly turn into an investigator novel.

And of Clay Are We Created Free Essays

In And of Clay are We Created, the creator utilizes Acuzena to show Rolf how they are indistinguishable, and show how everybody has their own earth they are covered in. The creator, Isabel Allende, composed this story subsequent to seeing an occasion like this on the news in 1985. In the story, when Rolf discovers Acuzena caught in earth, he sees significantly more. We will compose a custom paper test on Also, of Clay Are We Created or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now This young lady is caught with no chance to get out. No expectation. All he needs is a siphon to safeguard her yet nobody will bring one. It makes him see himself in her, caught in recollections, caught previously. We are totally covered by something. Rolf was covered by recollections of the war and what it did to his family, the fury of his dad, and his blame for the passing of his sister. Everybody has relics of days gone by that shield us from proceeding onward, the way that Acuzena was held by the assemblages of her siblings and sisters, which shielded her from being pulled out of the entanglement. The creator was attempting to give us how throughout everyday life, there will consistently be torrential slides. We are only liable for the manner in which we manage them. The title, And of Clay are We Created, implies that we as a whole will have encounters all through life, however we can be changed from it. It can likewise be an otherworldly reference to God making from dirt and afterward they finished shrouded in mud. The story truly shows how somebody can go as long as they can remember avoiding something that they will never escape from until they uncover in and climb. It additionally shows how Rolf felt that he had deserted his past, however it reemerged in this experience. He needed to come to understand that his lone way out of this was to acknowledge passing as Acuzena did at long last. Instructions to refer to And of Clay Are We Created, Papers

The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act A case study - Free Essay Example

Introduction The law relating to the carriage of goods by sea is significantly difficult to master. In general terms, it often involves overlapping jurisdictions, which can make it difficult to ascertain the governing law of the contract, unless the law has been expressly agreed by the parties to the contract. In this case, it is clear that the Hague-Visby Rules apply, given their express designation in the bills of lading relating to the crates. Other contracts may not be as clear, and would require consideration of relevant domestic legislation in order to determine what law (and what jurisdiction) governs the terms of the agreement. This matter also presents a number of other issues, as while Cherie was a party to the contract from its formation, Tony became a party at a later stage by purchasing goods on board from Cherie, while they were in transit. All these matters will be considered in detail by this brief. This brief will firstly consider Cherieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim, given that this claim arose from the contract, and Cherie was a party to the contract from its initial formation. The most prominent issue in this contract is the clause which specifies that the ship is not permitted to deviate from the course of the voyage, except as to save life. This brief will seek to determine whether or not this clause is enforceable in the scope of the contract. Additionally, this brief will also consider the provisions of the governing Hague-Visby Rules on this very same issue, which may serve to have Cherieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim against O substantiated should the express term in the contract fail in its enforceability for whatever reason. This brief will also consider Tonyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim in relation to the goods he purchased à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"afloatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. That is, Tony purchased the goods from Cherie while they were already in transit, without negotiating with another party in relation to shipment and similar. The terms of the contract between Tony and O are similar to that of Cherie and O, in the sense that they relate to the same goods arriving at the same destination. Thus, this brief will consider relevant principles in relation to Tonyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to rely on the indorsed bill of lading as a subsequent party to the contract (and not a party at the formation of the original contract). In addition, this brief will also consider the relevant textual provisio ns of the governing Hague-Visby Rules relating to a shipperà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s obligation to not deviate from the course of the voyage, except to save lives. These provisions will answer the question in relation to liability in this claim. Finally, this brief will consider the jurisdiction that these claims need to be brought. This is important, as it is very well to have the substantive basis for a claim but if a court is not competent to hear the matter on a jurisdictional basis, then no recourse can be achieved. Thus, it is important to determine the appropriate forum in order to save the claimantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ time and resources in regards to recovering any losses they are entitled to receive as a result of Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s negligence or intent (if any). Thus, this brief will now cover these claims in order, beginning with Cherieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim. Re: Cherieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Claim I am asked to advise Cherie in respect of the loss and/or damage incurr ed as a result of the alleged negligence of O in relation to the crates of gin, shipped from New York to London. In order to determine possible liability, it is firstly important to analyse the terms of both the bill of lading and the contract of carriage. In relation to the contract of carriage, it has been established in the facts that the contract contains a clause specifying that O is not permitted to deviate from the course, unless it is specifically required to save life. However, it has also been established that the bill of lading does not contain such a clause, thus it is important to recognise which of these two documents carries legal superiority in order to determine liability. The common law of the United Kingdom has recognised over a great period of time that the bill of lading does not necessarily constitute the contract of carriage itself, but rather merely provides evidence that such a contract exists.[1] This is displayed in the case of SS Ardennes (Cargo Owners ) v SS Ardennes (Owners) [1951] 1 QB 55, where Lord Goddard CJ held that: It is, I think, well settled that the bill of lading is not in itself the contract between the shipowner and the shipper of the goods, though it has been said it is excellent evidence of its termsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[2] If one was to consider this precedent in the context of the current fact scenario, it is clear that the contract of carriage reigns supreme over the bill of lading. If this was the case, then the clause stating that O was not to deviate becomes enforceable at law, whereas the absence of any such provision in the bill of lading would make such an argument inadmissible in court. The main issue with this argument, however, is the onus of proof it provides on Cherie to prove that the terms of the bill of lading are inconsistent with the contract of carriage. While this initially seems to be an easy task, Cherie must provide proof that the contract of carriage came into existence prior to the bill of lading in order for the contract of carriage to be afforded legal superiority. The courts will generally regard the terms of the contract on the reverse of the bill of lading as excellent evidence of the terms of the contract,[3] unless the claimant can satisfy the burden of proof in order to suggest that the contract of carriage is both inconsistent and came into existence prior to the bill of lading.[4] If this evidence can be provided by Cherie, then there is every chance that the contract of carriage in enforceable in a court. Otherwise, it would appear a court would be more likely to enforce the terms present on the reverse of the bill of lading. If Cherie is able to substantiate the claim, it would appear likely that C is able to claim damages for the loss of profit as a result of the delay caused by O. This delay caused Cherie to not receive the stock in time to sell during the peak gin-drinking season in London, due to the post-exam celebrations. It is also important t o note, however, that the contract of carriage will also be governed by the Hague-Visby Rules, given that the contract of carriage provides for a bill of lading, and that bill of lading expressly incorporates the Hague-Visby Rules.[5] Additionally, the substantive provisions of the Hague-Visby Rules do not provide a defence for O to Cherieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claims, through excluded cargo or voyages or similar provisions. As such, there is every likelihood that Cherieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim against O will succeed, due to Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s breach of contract. In summary, the situation presented in regards to Cherieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim indicates that such a claim against O will succeed if it is presented to a court within the limited amount of time prescribed by the Hague-Visby Rules.[6] There is quite a significant burden of proof imposed on Cherie in order for the claim to succeed, however given that the facts clearly seem to be working in Cherieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s favo ur, satisfaction of this burden of proof should not be an issue. Provided this burden of proof can be satisfied, then there is every chance that the court will see the contract of carriage (if it was enacted prior to the bill of lading) as enforceable, and thus will most likely hold O accountable for the loss incurred by Cherie as a result of the delay, which was in breach of the contract of carriage (but not the bill of lading). The Hague-Visby Rules also provide for a prohibition on deviation unless it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reasonableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, which this case does not appear to be. This will be discussed in more detail below in Tonyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Claim;[7] however the facts seem to indicate that O is liable regardless of whether or not the original contract is enforceable. Re: Tonyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Claim I am also asked to advise Tony in relation to the loss of goods incurred as a result of the alleged negligence of O, due to their attendance at the reggae music festival in Haiti. Given that it was O who deviated from the initial course of the voyage, and it was also O responsible for the general upkeep and security of the ship, it is only reasonable that Tony seek to recover his loss from O, even though Cherie was the party who sold the goods to Tony. The common law of the UK has dealt with the concept of a third party having rights to the original contract of carriage upon the bill of lading being endorsed to them.[8] This raises the question then as to whether Tony can rely upon the original contract of carriage between Cherie and O which provided that O was not permitted to deviate from the course of the voyage, unless it is necessary to save life. Statutory law would suggest that this contract could be relied upon by Tony, which states that Tony has all the rights of suit against the bill of lading à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“as if he had been a party to that contractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[9] However, this seems to be inconsistent with the common law, which states: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it may be true that the contract of carriage is made before [the bill of lading] is given because it would generally be made before the goods are sent down to the ship; but when the goods are put on board the captain has authority to reduce that contract into writing; and then the general doctrine of law is applicable by which, where the contract has been reduced into writing, which is intended to constitute the contract, parol evidence to alter or qualify the effect of such writing is not admissible, and the writing is the only evidence of the contract.[10] This presents problems in relation to Tonyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim, as it highlights inconsistency in the law. Essentially, the common law suggests that any contract negotiated between the original parties is inadmissible under the parol evidence rule, which would mean that Tony would be unable to rely on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"not to deviateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ provision of the original contract of carriage, thus would not be able to hold O accountable for the loss incurred as a result of the delay. Yet statutory law suggests that Tony is entitled to exercise all legal rights to the contract as though he was a party to the original contract, which would mean that he in fact could hold O accountable for the loss. The resolution of this problem requires the application of common sense. The common law presented is significantly outdated, whereas the statutory law came into effect in 1992. Thus, it must be concluded that the statutory law has more binding effect than the common law. Therefore, as a result, it can only be concluded that Tony has the right to rely upon the original contract of carriage between Cherie and O, thus is able to exercise the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"not to deviateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ clause at law. In summary, the substantive issues of Tonyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim are essentially similar to that of Cherie. Due to Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s negligence; approximately 50 crates of gin were stolen. Under the Hague-Visby Rules (whether or not the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"not to deviateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ clause was enforceableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢), the carrier has an obligation to carefully à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“load, handle, stow, keep, care for and discharge the goods deliveredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[11] Thus, it is clear that O is liable for the stolen crates, and must pay damages accordingly. With regard to deviation, whether or not the original contract is enforceable, the Hague-Visby Rules expressly prohibit deviation unless it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reasonableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[12] Thus, it would appear that O is liable for Tonyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s loss in any event. Jurisdiction of Claims Given that the port of shipment is New York, it would be reasonable to conclude that a US court has jurisdiction to hear these claims by both Tony and Cherie. This is evidenced by the fact that the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971 (UK) does not provide for the application of UK law , given that the port of shipment is not a UK port.[13] Additionally, the US Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1936 provides it to apply where a contract of carriage is undertaken between ports of the US and foreign ports.[14] This may preclude the operation of UK statutes mentioned above, but does not necessarily preclude the operation of the common law where those cases have addressed the Hague-Visby Rules. Conclusion In relation to this matter, it appears that both parties are able to substantiate claims against O, and thus retrieve any losses they incurred as a result of Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s conduct in delivering the goods. Both parties entered into a contractual arrangement with O to have the goods delivered to London from New York, they merely entered into this agreement in different ways. Cherie incurred significant losses as a result of the delay, which was caused by O deviating from the course of the voyage to visit Haiti, where a reggae music festival was taking place. As a result, Cherie missed the peak season for selling the gin, which was the main rationale behind the contract in the first place. In addition to Cherieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s loss, Tony also incurred the same loss as a result of the delay, while also having a number of crates stolen from the ship in Haiti due to the crewà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s negligence to secure the load against theft while attending the festival. According to the relevant legal principles that were discussed above, it would appear that Cherieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim against O can be substantiated. This argument is two-pronged. Firstly, Cherie is entitled to rely on the express contractual provision that O was not permitted to deviate from the course of the voyage, except to save life. In addition to this, the governing Hague-Visby Rules also provide that O was not permitted to do so. Thus, not only does the not-to-deviate clause form an express term of the contract, it is also implied through application of governin g law. As a result, O is liable to Cherie for the loss of goods incurred as a result of the delay. Additionally, O may also be liable for damages for loss of profit as a result of their conduct. Also based on the facts, it is clear that the substantive issues of Tonyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s contract are essentially similar to Cherieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. The case law discussed above does not appear to allow Tony to rely on the terms of the contract in the same way that Cherie was able to, thus reference must be given to other relevant legal principles, such as governing law. In addition to this, given that it has been established that the jurisdiction of the case is the United States, there would be no scope to seek the application of the UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992, which would then grant Tony the same rights as Cherie to the contract. Given this fact, it is clear that Tony must rely upon any relevant provisions of the governing Hague-Visby Rules in order to substantiate a claim against O. This was already discussed in Cherieà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s claim, and it was established that the Hague-Visby Rules provide for the same not-to-deviate clause that is specified in the contract, and hence Tony can rely on this in order to mount his claim. Thus, according to the law, O would be laible to Tony not only for the profit lost as a result of missing the peak gin-drinking season, but also for the crates that were stolen from the ship as a result of the crewà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s negligence while partying in Haiti. Research Report In preparing this report, I consulted a number of sources. I initially consulted the most up to date hard copy sources I had access to in my library, which I found was a 2007 edition of Girvanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Carriage of Goods by Sea. This had the most up to date law, but was essentially written from a UK perspective, which made it difficult to fully gauge the international impact of this fact scenario. As such, I then consulted an Australian book, written by Moens and Gillies, which I know by reputation provides a very broad look at issues relating to international trade. I then backed up this diverse research with another book, written by Debattista, which may serve to fill in any gaps that the other two books may have had. Girvanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s book proved to be the most efficient, covering the main issues of deviation, as well as providing a deep insight into the operation of the Hague-Visby Rules, and the relevant domestic legislation relating to jurisdiction. It was Girvanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s book that helped me to conclude that the United States was the most appropriate forum to entertain both claims, due to the operation of its domestic law. It discusses United States law in a limited capacity by comparison to English law, however the American sources it discusses were quite valuable, and allowed me to draw reasoned legal conclusions based on the evidence presented in the book, in conjunction with research from other sources. I also consulted LexisNexis to provide a number of cases in relation to negligence and deviation; however I was not able to find any significant cases that proved to elaborate upon the ideas presented in the books I found. This general search was performed by entering à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hague visby rulesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  into the search dialogue box. A number of cases appeared in the search, but no directly relevant cases were found by this approach. I did use LexisNexis to find the full text of the cases mentioned in the books, which allowed me to draw my own conclusions from the information presented in the books, free from any influence from the authorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ ideas. This was done by entering the relevant party names into an international law search or domestic law search, as was relevant at the time. I found this to be the most efficient way of conducting my research, as the books helped to guide me in the right direction, while I still had to use my own legal research and reasoning skills to apply the law to the facts situation. Online sources are difficult to consult where one has little grounding in the jurisdictional or substantive issues of the case, thus I was determined to not use them until I grounded myself in these concepts. I felt there was little point in clouding myself with a jumble of legal jargon which appeared to serve no value until I had an idea as to how to approach it, which is why the hard copy sources I consulted where valuable (some more so than others). Generally, I found it significantly difficult to locate a number of materials initially, given that I was unfamiliar with what legislation and case law to consult. This was predominantly due to me not knowing what jurisdiction I needed to refer to in detail (i.e. should I consult UK sea carriage law, or should I concentrate on that of the United States?). This became a question that could only be answered as I was answering the brief itself. Thus, I had to make a decision to get some general guidance from the UK sources, which also contained information on the international rules, such as the Hague-Visby Rules, but this information was significantly limited to how it related to the UK context, which was not necessarily appropriate to such a question which seemed to have overlapping jurisdictions. As previously mentioned, the best source for this initial guidance was the book by Girvan, as it covered all bases in regards to a basic introduction to the salient points of law. It was difficult for me to consult any online sources without first grounding myself in the relevant international law first, as I was unclear what jurisdiction I should specifically be concentrating on. The English cases in Girvan also gave a good indication to how the domestic courts tend to interpret international provisions when they are the subject of their jurisdiction, which allowed general conclusions as the applicability of various international provisions. It does discuss the Hague-Visby Rules, but in a limited context. Thus, after consulting Girvan it was best for me to familiarise myself with the full text of the relevant sections of the Hague-Visby Rules, given their significance to the current matter. This was in conjunction with various cases that I discovered in LexisNexis, and I will discuss my processes in more detail below. As previously mentioned, I also had to consult the full text of the Hague-Visby Rules, as the books were somewhat reluctant to provide the full text. This was beneficial, as not only did I again have to apply my legal research skills, but I also had to draw my own conclusions based upon the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"rawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ law. However, I was able to use LexisNexis to see what cases applied specific provisions of the law, in order to seek elaboration on points I was not completely clear about. While I did not necessarily refer to these in the text of the essay, I wa s able to gauge the context that the text actually meant, which ensured that I applied an approach that was consistent with the judicially-acceptable approach. Thus, overall I was able to provide a well-rounded piece which applied only the key relevant points, ensuring it adequately addressed the question, while also applying the correct law in force at this current point in time. I would recommend this approach to others, as it gives one a good grounding in this area of law, while also ensuring that oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own legal skills develop in the process, without having to rely solely on the ideas of others. Bibliography Books Debattista, C, The Sale of Goods Carried by Sea (1998, 2nd ed), London: Butterworths Girvan, S, Carriage of Goods by Sea (2007), London: Oxford University Press Moens, G, and Gillies, P, International Trade and Business: Law, Policy and Ethics (2006, 2nd ed), Sydney: Cavendish Legislation Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1936 (US) Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971 (UK) Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 (UK) Cases Crooks v Allen (1879) 5 QBD 38 (CA) Leduc v Ward (1888) 20 QBD 475 (CA) Moss Steamship Co v Whinney [1912] AC 254 National Jaya (Pte) Ltd v Hong Tat Marine Shipping Pte Ltd [1979] 2 MLJ 6 Playing Cards (M) Sdn Bhd v China Mutual Navigation Co Ltd [1980] 2 MLJ 182 SS Ardennes (Cargo Owners) v SS Ardennes (Owners) [1951] 1 QB 55 Stag Line v Foscolo, Mango Co Ltd [1932] AC 328 1 Footnotes [1] See Crooks v Allen (1879) 5 QBD 38 (CA), 40; Moss Steamship Co v Whinney [1912] AC 254, 264. [2] SS Ardennes (Cargo Owners) v SS Ardennes (Owners) [1951] 1 QB 55, 59-60 (Lord Goddard CJ). [3] See, for example, National Jaya (Pte) Ltd v Hong Tat Marine Shipping Pte Ltd [1979] 2 MLJ 6. [4] See, for example, Playing Cards (M) Sdn Bhd v China Mutual Navigation Co Ltd [1980] 2 MLJ 182 where an attempt to overcome the burden of proof failed. [5] Hague-Visby Rules, art I(b). See also Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971 (UK), s 1(4) relating to the application of the Rules to contracts of carriage where the contract provides for a bill of lading to be issued. [6] Hague-Visby Rules, art III(8) prescribing a period of twelve months to bring a suit. [7] Hague-Visby Rules, art IV(4). [8] Leduc v Ward (1888) 20 QBD 475 (CA). [9] Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 (UK), s 2(1). [10] Leduc v Ward (1888) 20 QBD 475, 479 (CA). [11] Hague-Visby Rules, art III(2). [1 2] Hague-Visby Rules, art IV(4). The general test for this rule is provided by Stag Line v Foscolo, Mango Co Ltd [1932] AC 328, 343-4, which provides that a deviation may be reasonable in situations where it is made in the interests of the ship or the cargo, or where an emergency required the ship to deviate. [13] Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971 (UK), s 1(3). [14] Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971 (US), see 46 USCA 1310.

Wage Gap Between Men And Women - 1270 Words

Now seeing me as a women today being only looked at as the equivalent of a slave is ludicrous (Spiegel, pg. 16). According to Spiegel there are three different explanations of why there was a wage gap between men and women. The three explanations are the women are concentrated in jobs that require less education or skills than men, women might receive lower pay than me for identical work, or women might be doing different work than men, but work that is comparable in term of the training required and the complexity of the task, and receiving lower pay for this work (Spiegel, pg.16). From the times of women struggling to vote there has been strides made for women and wages. â€Å"Equal Pay for Equal Work† is a slogan that can be traced back to the 1930s. The slogan is also very ambiguous. It was thought that a woman’s wage was earned because she was trying to supplement those of other family wages earned. The decision as to who would and would not earn a wage regulated by the family unit. The wage belonged to her family. (Keesler-Harris, pg. 8). Typically a woman’s wage was legally the property of her husband or father (Kessler-Harris, pg. 9). I honestly couldn’t imagine going to work and them giving my earnings to my father. Actually when I think about it†¦ much hasn’t changed about that. What would be the difference in being a married women in this day and age a using some of your earnings to support your family. You may place half your pay check in a joint bank account thatShow MoreRelatedThe Wage Gap Between Men And Wo men1552 Words   |  7 Pagesearned by men, which means a wage gap of twenty-two percent. Women are nearly half of the labor pool and are equal if not main, jobholder s in four out of ten households. Not to mention, women receive more college and graduate degrees than men. Women still coninue to bring in less than men. On average, women earn less than men in basically every profession that there is adequate income data for both women and men to estimate an earnings percentage (IWPR, 2014). The Institution for Women s PolicyRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Men And Women Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pages It is a known fact that women faced inequality in the past, however, it is arguable whether they still face inequality today. When bringing statistics to the table, there is a wage gap between men and women. This is caused by many things. For one, women have tended to exceed men when it comes to education. However, men still tend to receive better jobs with higher pay. This is because gender inequality. There is also inequality inside of the work place. Men tend to receive more promotional opportunitiesRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Men And Women1337 Words   |  6 PagesMen and women. Even the name of the female gender is derived from the male species. For years, women have been discriminated against in an array of areas such as politics, at home, and in the workplace. The most debated area of gender discrimination is the wage gap between men and women. After reviewing the following facts, it is obvious women are essentially just as valuable as men, and therefore should be treated equally in the workplace. The pay gap between males and females has been a topic thatRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Men And Women1689 Words   |  7 Pagesthat bothered us, interested us, or something we wanted to learn more about. The first thing I thought of was equal pay between men and women. With the ratification of the 19th amendment, women became legally equal to men. Then in 1963, the Equal Pay Act was passed yet. Yet today, the wage gap between men and women still exists. According to the White House’s official website, women working full time are only earning around 77% of what their male coworkers are earning. This problem is even worse withRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Men And Women2628 Words   |  11 Pagesissue of the wage gap between men and women in the labor market is currently dealt with in the course of a number of scientific debates, is the subject of public discussion in the broad political and social bodies of the world and different countries have their proposed solutions. The re are also historical conditions of social and emotional ground that appointment and further determine the role models for women and men - now called traditional. The difference in pay between men and women is a trendRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Women And Men2336 Words   |  10 Pagesa look at the wage gap between women and men. It has always been known that men make more money than women. Many acts of legislation have been passed to address the disparities. But as time has progressed this topic is not one that grasps the attention of society. Society feels that there are other more important topics to focus on. The inequities amongst men and women pay has been in effect from the early 1800s and continues on in the new millennium despite, the gains women have made. AndRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Men And Women1979 Words   |  8 Pagesprevent/discourage discrimination in the workplace. Section 2 The Congress hereby finds and declares the wage gap in America between men and women is a problem that needs to be addressed and remedied. Should people be paid the same amount and treated the same way as others like them with the same experience and skills? The obvious answer is yes, but a wage gap and an unequal treatment of women in the workplace persist in the United States. As John F. Kennedy believed, the Equal Pay Act he passed inRead MoreReducing The Wage Gap Between Men And Women1213 Words   |  5 Pagesthe gender wage gap. Firstly, this organization firmly believes that raising the minimum wage will positively affect the wage gap between men and women. Averages illustrate that differentiation s among men and women s job selections could be considered for virtually half of the gender pay gap. Increasing the minimum wage will benefit those dedicated women laborers by helping support their families. Two third of mothers are sole providers within their households and these sa me women are the onesRead MoreThe Gender Wage Gap Between Men And Women986 Words   |  4 PagesThe gender wage gap. This is an issue that has been kept largely quiet and does not get even half the attention it deserves. The wage gap is simply the deviation in salaries between men and women. This gap in pay is an issue that spans the globe, and effects many people, from struggling single mothers to hard working corporate women. In W.E. Jacob and Laura Finley’s article â€Å"Differences in Pay Rates Between Men and Women do not Prove the Existence of Gender Inequality† attempts to debunk the discriminatoryRead MoreThe Pay Gap Between The Wages Of Men And Women Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagespopular belief, the pay gap between the wages of men and women still exists. According to the Cambridge Business English Dictionary, the wage gap is â€Å"the difference between the ​amounts of ​money ​paid to women and men, often for doing the same ​wor k† (â€Å"gender pay gap†). The fact that we are still discussing it, especially during the current presidential campaign, proves that fact. The gap has decreased as time passes due to the relentless advocacy of feminists, but the wage gap does still exist. Considering

Compare And Contrast Creon In Oedipus The King - 893 Words

Favored to be King Thebes is crumbling under the pressure of the plague, and is dependant on their king to free them from this curse. Sophocles’ Greek tragedy, Oedipus Rex, emphasizes the negative traits that Oedipus possess, by using a character foil named Creon. Jocasta’s brother, Creon, is introduced in the story when Oedipus accuses him of attempting to steal the throne. Creon’s positive and Oedipus’ negative impacts on Thebes are portrayed through their actions and character traits. Creon would be a better fit leader than Oedipus due to their positive and negative character traits. Such as, excessive-pride versus being humble, sensibility versus impulsiveness, quick-tempered versus calm, concluding in ignorance versus forgiveness†¦show more content†¦This impulsive decision can end poorly if it is not what the gods want for Oedipus. Creon’s sensible character prevents him from these dangerous aftereffects by considering what the gods w hat. He says, â€Å"First I wanted the god to clarify my duties.† (1574). By using a sensible attitude he may have saved the city of Thebes from another curse. Creon later says to Oedipus, â€Å"Do you want proof? Go to Delphi yourself, examine the oracle and see if I’ve reported the message word-for-word.† (676-678). Rather than instantly resorting to made-up statements, Creon steps back and chooses the sensible route, which is more fit for a king. A leader should not be quick-tempered, but rather calm. In the conversation between Oedipus and Tiresias, Oedipus’ quick-temper causes him make rash and untrue statements. Oedipus quickly becomes angry and says, â€Å"Nothing! You, you scum of the earth, you’d enrage a heart of stone! You won’t talk? Nothing moves you? Out with it, once and for all!† (380-383). Rather than fully processing the information he has been given, his temper gets the best of him and he lashes out at Tiresias. Cr eon’s calm nature brings a peaceful manner to his conversations that contrast Oedipus’ quick temper. In the dispute between Oedipus and Creon, Creon says, â€Å" It’s your turn to listen for just as long as you’ve †¦ instructed me. Hear me out, then judge me on the facts.† (607-609). ThroughShow MoreRelatedReview Of Oedipus Rex 1342 Words   |  6 PagesJake Gilman Modern Mythology Period 8 Fusaro Oedipus Rex Reading Questions What appears to be the function of the Chorus? - The chorus in Greek tragedies has a similar function to the narrator in various books and plays. It is an outside source that describes the actions of the characters, as well as their thoughts or feelings. Just like a narrator, the chorus can be used to foreshadow an upcoming event and provide more detail than what is said on stage. However, theRead MoreEssay on Creon as the Tragic Hero in Sophocles Antigone1326 Words   |  6 PagesCreon as the Tragic Hero in Antigone     Ã‚   This essay will compare two of the characters in â€Å"Antigone†, Antigone and Creon, in an effort to determine the identity of the tragic hero in this tale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To identify the tragic hero in Sophocles’ renowned play â€Å"Antigone†, we should first consider both the elements present in Greek tragedies and what characteristics define a tragic hero. Aristotle’s definition of tragedy is: â€Å"Tragedy is a story taking the hero from happiness to miseryRead More The Many Functions of Tiresias in Sophocles Oedipus Rex Essay1434 Words   |  6 Pagesof Tiresias in Sophocles Oedipus Rex The minor role of Tiresias fulfills several chief purposes in Sophocles Oedipus Rex, all of which are necessary in guiding the play through to its tragic ending and the completion of the prophecies. Tiresias primarily functions as the catalyst ultimately responsible for the provocation of Oedipus venomous jealousy, a vital factor in the plays progression. The calm and confident Tiresias also acts as a foil for Oedipus through his dramatic differenceRead MoreComparing Oedipus The King And Antigone1311 Words   |  6 PagesEmily Morris Dr. Brooks ENC 1102 8 December 2015 Different Qualities, Same Fate When analyzing both Oedipus the King and Antigone, Oedipus and Antigone are very alike in ways. When reading these plays, the mind is wired to compare how the protagonists are alike, and contrast how they are different. Antigone and Oedipus are idolized by the people, but the legacy of Oedipus seems to have been altered due to the fact that he has experienced bad past family relationships; therefore as Gale explains,Read MoreOedipus Rex Study1464 Words   |  6 PagesOedipus Rex Study Guide The Prologos 1. What initial step does Oedipus indicate he has already taken? 2. What is the significance of Delphi? What is the message from the oracle at Delphi with which Creon returns? 3. What does Oedipus think about the clue Creon reveals about who murdered King Laios? What might this perception foreshadow? 4. What does Oedipus promise to do at the end of the Prologos? 5. Of what symbolic significance are the olive boughs, strewn at the alter steps asRead MoreLiterature: Compare and Contrast - Literary Devices5483 Words   |  22 PagesLiterature: Compare and Contrast Literary Devices Kathy J. Shannon University of Phoenix Mickeal M. Donald, Instructor September 3, 2010 Compare and Contrast Literature offers a variety of literary works by authors of all ages, writing non-fiction and fictional stories, poetry, and essays. The act of analyzing two different authors by both comparing their work and isolating their contrasting elements, can be difficult, yet rewarding. Oedipus Rex (Sophocles), written in 429 B.C., offers theRead MoreAnalysis Of Oedipus The King And Antigone1170 Words   |  5 Pagestry to break down those barriers in attempts to leave an imprint on this ever- changing world. In civilizations such as Athens, women were looked down upon and this battle to leave behind tradition proved to be almost if not fatal. Sophocles Oedipus the King and Antigone exemplify three distinct female Athenian characters who approach this battle with different fronts. Through analysis of Ismene, Antigone and Jocasta’s distinct characters, the reader better understands how Sophocles uses a feminineRead MoreOdysseus From The Odyssey, And Oedipus2046 Words   |   9 Pagescan be analyze this was are Odysseus from the Odyssey, and Oedipus from Oedipus Rex. The Odysseus is the story of a warrior, Odysseus, who journeys to his native land of Ithaca despite many obstacles and succeeds in driving out suitors who are present in his home/ Oedipus Rex is the story of Oedipus, a man who has accidentally married his mother and killed his father, and learning the truth, becomes blind and is exiled. Odysseus and Oedipus are both intelligent heroes who use their wit to solve theirRead MoreMorality in Oedipus Rex Essay1785 Words   |  8 Pagesthe time of the ancient Greeks Sophocles’ play Oedipus Tyrannus is seen as the quintessential model of Greek Tragedy. This is due to the intricate questions of morality that are masterfully woven into the literature and the fact that â€Å"perhaps no classical Greek play that has stimulated as much critical discussion† (Harris and Platzner Classical Mythology: Images and Insights, p.648). One of the dom inant arguments the tragedy generates is whether Oedipus is responsible for the abhorrent crimes of patricideRead Moretheme of alienation n no where man by kamala markandeya23279 Words   |  94 PagesLITERARY ELEMENTS SETTING This tragedy is set against the background of the Oedipus legend. It illustrates how the curse on the House of Labdacus (who is the grandson of Cadmus, founder of Thebes, and the father of Laius, whose son is Oedipus) brought about the deaths of Oedipus and his wife-mother, Jocasta, as well as the double fratricide of Eteocles and Polynices. Furthermore, Antigone dies after defying King Creon. The play is set in Thebes, a powerful city-state north of Athens. Although

Culture Leading with Cultural Intelligence

Question: Discuss about theCulturefor Leading with Cultural Intelligence. Answer: Introduction Culture can be explained and defined as a social domain which can strengthen the practices, talking, oratory, expressions, behaviour that can express the continuation and discontinuation of social meaning of life of the common people. But the definition of culture can be explained in various ways (Eliot, 2010). In the chapter two of the book Leading with Cultural Intelligence by Mai Moua has been described about the understanding of the culture. Here she maintained some bullet points and examples to explain the culture. Culture can be learned and shared to others, a group of people can lean it from other individual or group, and it is a learning, sharing and systematic process. The three fundamental aspects of culture are values, assumption and symbols. The main five layers of culture are national, regional, organizational, team and individual. Hofstedes model of value dimensions are identity, power, gender, uncertainty, time are helpful for the leaders in the organization to underst and the value of the culture (Hofstede et al., 1991). It is also related with economic and social environment of a country. In the study of cultural economy there is included social norms, social identity, ideology, believes, trust etc.(Murray, 2012).The sociocultural environment includes the culture where an individual lives and do study to get education and the people and organizations with whom the individual is connected (Furham, 2012). Culture is Learned Cultural learning is referred to a process through which an individual or a group of people in a society or in an organization can learn the culture of that society or the organisation (Chudek et al., 2012). When a person moves to a new place then he have to learn the culture of the place to stick to that place for a long period of time. In the book Leading with Cultural Intelligence the author mentioned that, according to Hofstede culture consists of some mental programmes, it is the software of the mind. Each end every human being carries within him or herself patterns of thinking, feeling, and potential acting which were learned throughout their lifetime (page no.37). But according to Peter Senge Like a computer, we are programmed to act or behave in certain ways (page no.37). The author Mai Moua gives an example in her book to explain that culture is a learning thing. When a new employee is appointed in an organization, at the first day of office whatever he learns from the orientation session, communicate with other employees and management, these things are helpful for him to learn the culture of the organization and he adopts it for a long term basis. Culture is Shared Culture can be shared by an individual or a group to other individual and group (Crmer, 1993). The author Mai Moua in her book gives some example to state that culture can be shared. Ming, a college graduate pass student has got job in an accounting firm where she tends to spend some of her free time with some of her colleagues which are Asian. She feels comfortable with that group and they share each other ideas and values. This become helpful for her to learn the culture and the environment of the organization spontaneously. Culture is Systematic A lot of interrelated and interconnected parts are combined with each other to make a whole system. Culture is also systematic (Cameron Quinn, 2005). From the upper portion of the iceberg it cant be understand that how much deep is it, the shiny tip of the iceberg only can be seen. In a conference the leaders of the organizations are like the tip of the ice berg. Everyone only see the presentation of the leadership. If one the leaders presentation is not quite good then no one cares about any problem or conflict of the organization. On the road when a white woman sees a black man then she becomes frightened and more careful and hold her bag more tightly but when she sees a white man then she holds her bag lightly because all of them are totally submersed in the system. The woman grows up in a culture where it is always assumed that the black men are criminals and white men are good. So the culture wherever it is, in the society or in the organization, it is systematic. Author Dr. Mai Moua is a Hmong-American and in the year 1979 she came to the United States as a refugee from Thailand. She is the resident of Fremont, Calif and St. Paul, Minnesota. She has got doctorate from Gonzaga University. She completed B.A. from Brandeis University on sociology. She is the president of Leadership Paradigms. It is an organization development consulting firm. It provides leadership training, workshops, development of leadership programmes etc. Dr. Moua works in various non-profits government and private organizations. She has organised many leadership programmes and also presented research work on leadership, organizational effectiveness, cultural competency and diversity (Tobor, 2014). Apart from these she takes part in strategic planning for leadership scholars and academic, practitioners and the students from Middle East, Europe and Canada. Evaluation This is an ideal book to understand the culture properly. With the examples mentioned in the book the culture of the society as well as the organizations can be understood very easily and spontaneously. She has explained cultural system as a tree. All the parts of the tree are interconnected and the growth of the tree depends upon the surrounding environment like the culture of an individual or a group also depended upon the surrounding environment. So it is seen that the cultural system is described very distinctly so that everyone can understand it. This chapter can be a supplement material in the text and the lecture because of the presence of distinct examples related to all the topics. This book is helpful for a leader in an organization to understand his responsibility and to understand any conflict related to culture in the organization. When an individual comes to a new place or join as an employee in an organization the book is very much helpful for him to survive in that pl ace for a long period of time and he can adopt the culture of that new place spontaneously. So the chapter is relevant to the contemporary life. Conclusion It is always difficult for an individual or for a group to understand the culture in a new environment. Sometimes people are not able to adopt the culture of a new environment and as a result some people quit their jobs. This book is very much helpful for them to learn about culture and be aware about how to adopt a new culture and how to survive in a new place. Reference Cameron, K. S., Quinn, R. E. (2005).Diagnosing and changing organizational culture: Based on the competing values framework. John Wiley Sons. Chudek, M., Heller, S., Birch, S., Henrich, J. (2012). Prestige-biased cultural learning: bystander's differential attention to potential models influences children's learning.Evolution and Human Behavior,33(1), 46-56. Crmer, J. (1993). Corporate culture and shared knowledge.Industrial and corporate change,2(3), 351-386. Eliot, T. S. (2010).Notes towards the Definition of Culture. Faber Faber. Furham, A. (2012). Culture shock.Journal of Psychology and Education,7(1), 9-22. Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., Minkov, M. (1991).Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind(Vol. 2). London: McGraw-Hill. Murray, S. (2012).The adaptation industry: The cultural economy of contemporary literary adaptation(Vol. 32). Routledge. Tobor, J. O. (2014). Urhobo culture and the amnesty program in Niger Delta, Nigeria: An ethnographic case study.

What could be said to be the deeper meaning or implicit message of An Inspector Calls Essay Example For Students

What could be said to be the deeper meaning or implicit message of An Inspector Calls Essay An allegory is a story in which the meaning of the message is described using symbolism. An Inspector Calls can be described as an Allegory because of J. B Priestlys attempt to put his socialist views across within the text. He does this through a variety of sources particularly the time period in which the play is set and the attitudes of the characters. The play is set in 1912, two years before World War One and in the same year as the sinking of the Titanic . This date is symbolic as the play is written in hindsight, this gives Priestly the chance to use dramatic irony. We will write a custom essay on What could be said to be the deeper meaning or implicit message of An Inspector Calls specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The characters which are the major cause of symbolism within the play. All of the characters must be examined on two levels. At face value, that is to say the level at which one is present just from a cursory reading of the play, and at the symbolic level that can be discovered upon closer examination of the text. Mr Birling is described in the opening stage direction as being a heavy looking, rather portentous man in his middle fifties with fairly easy manners and rather provincial in his speech. He is the head of the family and as such believes that he deserves respect. From his speech it would appear that he earned his wealth rather than inheriting it, it also appears that his wife is his social superior. This is aptly demonstrated through his lack of knowledge of basic etiquette, particularly when he complements his servants when visitors are around, and is he swiftly rebuked by his wife Birling: Good dinner too, sybil tell the cook from me. Mrs. Birling: Arthur your not supposed to say such things Symbolically Birling represents capitalism and all that is abhorrent about it. Priestly goes to great lengths in the play to make Birling look stupid, He uses dramatic irony to achieve this effect. Birling says that the Titanic is absolutely unsinkable and that there is no chance of war. Seen as the text was written in 1945 the events that Birling was decrying had all ready taken place. Therefore the audience see this as stupidity, thus achieving Priestlys aim to degenerate capitalism. Mrs Birling is described in the initial stage direction as being about 50, a rather cold woman and her husbands social superior. Throughout the text her demeanour demonstrates this particularly in the above incident with Mr Birling. She seems to be in complete control Sheila, when Gerald asks her questions Mrs Birling will answer for her. She also likes to believe that she is in complete control of her perfect family. This illusion is shattered however late on in the text when the truth about Erics drinking is revealed. She is also a hypocrite as when the inspector informs her of the fate of Daisy Renton/ Eva Smith after she made a claim to her charitable organisation, she claims that the father should be responsible for the support of the woman. and make sure you take some steps in public his responsibility. However this all makes an abrupt about turn when it becomes evident that Eric is the father of the unborn child. She also admits being prejudiced against Eva Smiths claim because of the fact that she applied using the name Mrs. Birling. She said that she was only doing her duty by refusing to give money to the girl . Mrs Birling is a difficult symbol to fathom as she could stand for so many things and yet still stand for nothing. from what I can fathom Mrs Birling represents the upper-middle class old money. She is shown to be a hypocrite by Priestly, particularly in the incident with Eric at the end of act 2. She also appears to be extremely controlling of Sheila, for instance when Sheila is choosing a dress at Milwards, she tries to council her against it in the plainest of terms and mother said that it was quite unsuitable. Sheila is described in the stage direction as being a pretty girl in her early twenties, very pleased with life and rather excited. At the beginning of the text she appears to be a stereotypical spoilt rich girl. .uf4b86be98c5a915e57f10090ea85badf , .uf4b86be98c5a915e57f10090ea85badf .postImageUrl , .uf4b86be98c5a915e57f10090ea85badf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf4b86be98c5a915e57f10090ea85badf , .uf4b86be98c5a915e57f10090ea85badf:hover , .uf4b86be98c5a915e57f10090ea85badf:visited , .uf4b86be98c5a915e57f10090ea85badf:active { border:0!important; } .uf4b86be98c5a915e57f10090ea85badf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf4b86be98c5a915e57f10090ea85badf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf4b86be98c5a915e57f10090ea85badf:active , .uf4b86be98c5a915e57f10090ea85badf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf4b86be98c5a915e57f10090ea85badf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf4b86be98c5a915e57f10090ea85badf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf4b86be98c5a915e57f10090ea85badf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf4b86be98c5a915e57f10090ea85badf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf4b86be98c5a915e57f10090ea85badf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf4b86be98c5a915e57f10090ea85badf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf4b86be98c5a915e57f10090ea85badf .uf4b86be98c5a915e57f10090ea85badf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf4b86be98c5a915e57f10090ea85badf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Examine Juliet's relationship with her parents EssayShe is obsessed with appearances on the surface as demonstrated when the inspector is describing the Eva Smith affair and Sheilas first questions is pretty? . She also does not have the same standards of English usage as her mother as she uses slang on a number of occasions, she refers to Eric as being squiffy. However later on in the text she begins to swing around to the inspectors point of view. She begins to feel compassion for Eva Smith. She shows remorse for her treatment of her, after her supposed slight on Sheilas dress sense, if I could help her now I would.. . Sheila, along with Eric, appears to be the only one who is genuinely remorseful for the familys behaviour. She thinks that her family are wrong to believe that so nothing really happened. behaving just like we did. I think that Priestly was using the character of Sheila to represent the younger generation. He believes that the course of the world can be changed only by the young, those who are more open and accepting of new ideas, rather than their parents who are more conservative. Eric is described in the opening stage direction as being in his early twenties, not quite at ease, half shy, half assertive. He is brother to Sheila and in approximately the same age bracket and as such shares many of the same characteristics. He admits that he was wrong in his treatment of the girl, when the inspector tells him to remember what you did Eric quickly replies in a guilty tone Im not likely to. Eric, I believe, represents the young generation. He could be said to be a victim of his class, because of his treatment of Eva. He is much the same character as Sheila on the symbolic level, the only real difference being that he is male and thus Priestly can represent both side of the young generation in the same play. However he is a weaker character than Sheila because he takes he lead from her in all the statements he makes in support of the Inspector. Gerald is the last character to be examined that was actually present at the Birlings celebratory dinner. Described in the stage direction as an attractive chap about thirty, rather too manly to be a dandy but very much the easy-well bred young-man-about-town. Gerald is marrying Sheila but from even a cursory reading of the text you get the impression that it is not necessarily a match purely based on desire. When Mr. Birling makes his speech he sets great store by Crofts and Birlings working together striving for lower costs and higher prices to which Gerald replies hear hear and Im sure my father would approve this all makes it seem as though the match is purely for business reasons and not for the couple themselves. Gerald met Eva Smith after she had left Milwards. She had changed her name to Daisy Renton and was working as a prostitute. Gerald saved her and kept her in his home and paid her way. Gerald was the person who was nicest to Eva Smith because he didnt really do her any harm. I think that he is used to represent a member of the younger generation who has already been swung by the opinions of his parents and their peers. Gerald, when he arrives back from his evening walk at the end of the play points out that he has discovered that there is no Inspector Goole on the police force. All in all he is just like Mr and Mrs. Birling in character, he holds the same values and is mostly motivated by money, he is therefore representative of the new breed of young capitalists who take on their parents values without any problem whatsoever. He is too comfortable in his lifestyle to change at the end of the play, and as he discovers that the Inspector is not a real policeman gives him the perfect excuse not to. The final character to be examined is that of Eva Smith. Eva Smith is not described in the stage direction because she is not present at the Birlings soiree. We only get a vague idea about Eva Smiths character but they are interesting glimpses. we are first introduced to her by the inspector once he arrives. Her does not describe her, in fact the only descriptions we ever get are very pretty and deep brown eyes. .u9f3a68ccaf8b4792f1441f7570d1e2c4 , .u9f3a68ccaf8b4792f1441f7570d1e2c4 .postImageUrl , .u9f3a68ccaf8b4792f1441f7570d1e2c4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9f3a68ccaf8b4792f1441f7570d1e2c4 , .u9f3a68ccaf8b4792f1441f7570d1e2c4:hover , .u9f3a68ccaf8b4792f1441f7570d1e2c4:visited , .u9f3a68ccaf8b4792f1441f7570d1e2c4:active { border:0!important; } .u9f3a68ccaf8b4792f1441f7570d1e2c4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9f3a68ccaf8b4792f1441f7570d1e2c4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9f3a68ccaf8b4792f1441f7570d1e2c4:active , .u9f3a68ccaf8b4792f1441f7570d1e2c4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9f3a68ccaf8b4792f1441f7570d1e2c4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9f3a68ccaf8b4792f1441f7570d1e2c4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9f3a68ccaf8b4792f1441f7570d1e2c4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9f3a68ccaf8b4792f1441f7570d1e2c4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9f3a68ccaf8b4792f1441f7570d1e2c4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9f3a68ccaf8b4792f1441f7570d1e2c4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9f3a68ccaf8b4792f1441f7570d1e2c4 .u9f3a68ccaf8b4792f1441f7570d1e2c4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9f3a68ccaf8b4792f1441f7570d1e2c4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The dramatic devices EssayShe appears to be an independently minded character as she was classed as the ringleader of the strike at Birlings. She was also described by Sheila as being very pretty and looked as though she could take care of herself. I think that Eva Smith is a symbol that represents all working class people who are being exploited by their capitalist bosses. She is a symbol of Priestlys views on the mistreatment of workers. The inspector, is he real or not and is not does it really matter. These questions pervade the final few pages of act 3, during which the whole family is involved in a great debate about it. The first person to put the question forward is Sheila Was he really a police inspector. after which all the characters of the play state the opinion that he is not. This is reinforced in two ways. First when Gerald first returns he states that that man wasnt a police inspector he then continues to validate this by saying I met a police sergeant I knew. on the force here. After this Birling again strengthens this belief by ringing the chief inspector , after which he announces there is no Inspector Goole on the police.. weve been had. All this establishes that the inspector isnt real, but the question remains. If he isnt real then who is he? Eric describes him as one of the cranks (meaning socialists) which Birling refers to at the beginning of the play. This would suggest that the Inspector was a friend or colleague of Eva Smiths sent to aggravate the Birlings. However I think that a more plausible explanation is defined by the inspectors name Goole. This would insinuate that the inspector was a spirit. Perhaps he is the spirit of justice, the ultimate inspector. Perhaps not but I dont think that it matters whether he is real or not as Sheila said He inspected us alright in other words he still made the younger Birlings realise that their behaviour previous to his visit had been inappropriate and abusive of their position. This all ties in with Priestlys believe of the hope for the future lying in the younger generation. John Boynten Priestly was born in Bradford in 1894. His father was a teacher and he grew up in a middle class circle of friends. He worked as a wool clerk before the war. Once the war broke out Priestly joined up almost immediately. He was wounded in action on the Somme, his was cited in dispatches for his valour. He spent a number of months at home recuperating but once able he re-enlisted almost immediately. He was again wounded, gassed and buried alive by a German shell. These experiences had a profound affect upon him and his writing style. He was appalled by the lack of concern from the aristocratic generals in sending working class battalions over the top. He became a socialist on his return to Britain. He completed a degree at Cambridge and set to work as a journalist. These experiences all created the attitude which was portrayed in An Inspector calls. He felt that it was not fair that working class people could not get the education and opportunities that the higher classes could receive. Priestlys main aims in an inspector calls were to highlight the gross exploitation of the poor by the upper classes. To sum up I believe that it would be true to say that An Inspector Calls is an allegorical play. I think that the main meaning of An inspector calls is that of caution for the upper classes, Priestly is saying that they must change their behaviour otherwise they will be Inspected as the Birlings were.

Free Essays on My Lai

were, or the amazing story behind them. I first heard about the massacre at My Lai in my sociology class at the beginning of this semester. As she was telling us this story, I could feel all of these emotions begin to rise up in me. Feelings of compassion, anger, sadness, and confusion were all present at the same time. I did all I could to hold back the tears. Sadly, whether it is due to my apathetic ways or my previous educational experiences, I have to admit that I do not know very much about Vietnam. But after hearing the story, I felt more than motivated to learn as much as I could about Vietnam, and especially about the village of My Lai. William Calley was a 24 year old platoon leader for the Charlie Company, which was commanded by 33 year old Ernest Medina. Calley was not exactly thought to be officer material. He had a lack of respect for the indigenous population and knowingly allowed misconduct amongst his soldiers. On March 14, 1968 a popular sergeant was killed by a booby trap, and several other soldiers were wounded. After the funeral, the Charlie Company had revenge on their minds. Captain Medina informed his soldiers that the Viet Cong’s 48th Battalion was residing in a small village called My Lai. He told them that their mission was to engage in battle with the 48th battalion and to destroy the village of My Lai. The small village of My Lai inhabited about 700 residents. Their houses consisted of red brick homes or thatch covered huts. In the middle of the village, there was an open plaza area used for holding meetings. It consisted of women, men, children, and elderly- the average for any community. On March 16th, at 7:22 a.m. nine helicopters lifted off towards My Lai. By 8:00 a.m., Calley’s ... Free Essays on My Lai Free Essays on My Lai The Massacre at My Lai Two months ago, if someone had said the words My Lai to me, I probably would have looked at them unresponsively and thought nothing else about it. At the time, I didn’t know what those words were, or the amazing story behind them. I first heard about the massacre at My Lai in my sociology class at the beginning of this semester. As she was telling us this story, I could feel all of these emotions begin to rise up in me. Feelings of compassion, anger, sadness, and confusion were all present at the same time. I did all I could to hold back the tears. Sadly, whether it is due to my apathetic ways or my previous educational experiences, I have to admit that I do not know very much about Vietnam. But after hearing the story, I felt more than motivated to learn as much as I could about Vietnam, and especially about the village of My Lai. William Calley was a 24 year old platoon leader for the Charlie Company, which was commanded by 33 year old Ernest Medina. Calley was not exactly thought to be officer material. He had a lack of respect for the indigenous population and knowingly allowed misconduct amongst his soldiers. On March 14, 1968 a popular sergeant was killed by a booby trap, and several other soldiers were wounded. After the funeral, the Charlie Company had revenge on their minds. Captain Medina informed his soldiers that the Viet Cong’s 48th Battalion was residing in a small village called My Lai. He told them that their mission was to engage in battle with the 48th battalion and to destroy the village of My Lai. The small village of My Lai inhabited about 700 residents. Their houses consisted of red brick homes or thatch covered huts. In the middle of the village, there was an open plaza area used for holding meetings. It consisted of women, men, children, and elderly- the average for any community. On March 16th, at 7:22 a.m. nine helicopters lifted off towards My Lai. By 8:00 a.m., Calley’s ...

Retribution for Slaves Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Retribution for Slaves - Essay Example Nonetheless, the discussion in this paper focuses on retributions for the descendants of historic slavery, since it is held and debated more frequently. Historic slaves in the U.S. performed instinctive labor with no pay, which is against human rights. They were, therefore, at liberty to reparation and, since they are deceased, the money must go to their offspring. The idea does not stop to be correct in due course—legitimacy and justice do not terminating dates. The most significant idea is to ascertain whether the principle of retribution is right. A retribution court case against the United States treasury department was discharged in 1915, but later in 1920s reparation was made a section of Black Nationalist program by Marcus Garvey. The current discussion over retribution was intensified by Randall Robinson’s publication called â€Å"The Debt.† According to Robinson (17), the worth of slave labor for more than 246 years of American historic slavery is more t han trillions of dollars. He illustrated that slaves historic slaves were responsible for the picking and processing of cotton that fueled trade and industry in the United States. Thus, there is the need for the state to establish autonomous community trust kitties that could dispense money into the communities of slave descendants to fund black-owned industries and finance education programs in these regions. Various professionals such as Professor Charles Ogletree of Harvard Law School and various lawyers joined hands to form the Reparations Coordinating Committee. The committee’s mandate has been to sue the U.S. firms that supposedly gained from slavery in the 19th century. Many opponents of slave retributions argue that the entire populations of past slaves are deceased and that their descendants are not warranted to get reparations for the loss of their ancestors. This is somewhat different compared to the U.S. administration’s compensations of living Japanese Ame ricans as a result of detention during the WW II. Since these victims were compensated for their losses, the descendants of historic slaves are warranted to demand reparation from the government. There is no need to quantify the number of individuals that suffered, since all suffered similar gross humiliation of being deprived of their freedom. Assertions regarding the alleged gains of slavery and the slave trade for the victims are provisional and insulting, laid down against the great distress the descendants of African-American experienced. Besides being a territory of great opportunity, the U.S. continued to repress people of African-American origin for many years after the official end to slavery. Even in the current American society, African-American constitutes the largest population of poor social group. According to Winbush (213), retributions to the descendants of slavery through financial support will not to specific individuals, therefore; eradicating the practical probl ems of recognizing claimants. Slavery along with several years of oppression and prejudice after the Civil War directly injured the descendants of African-Americans still alive today. It is well understood that U.S. administration is a continuing institution that is liable for its deeds, whether or not people were there at the instance of the acts in question. Thus, whereas financial support is vital, the demand for reparation will promote the process of

Nuclear generators Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nuclear generators - Term Paper Example According to the Nuclear Science Division of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: â€Å"Fusion is a nuclear process in which two light nuclei combine to form a single heavier nucleus. An example of a fusion reaction important in thermonuclear weapons and in future nuclear reactors is the reaction between two different hydrogen isotopes to form an isotope of helium: Fission is a nuclear process in which a heavy nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei. An example of a fission reaction that was used in the first atomic bomb and is still used in nuclear reactors is: The products shown in the above equation are only one set of many possible product nuclei. Fission reactions can produce any combination of lighter nuclei so long as the number of protons and neutrons in the products sum up to those in the initial fissioning nucleus.† (LBNL, 2011) Because of the nature of the source materials involved in the fusion reaction, mainly Helium and Hydrogen, the danger of radioactivity is n on-existent compared to the fission processes involving Uranium and Plutonium, elements with long half-lives and radiation emissions. Fission reactions run on fuel rods of Uranium, yet the â€Å"spent† fuel rods which are no longer concentrated enough to maintain reactions at critical mass will have to be maintained and stored for thousands of years despite emitting radioactivity as part of the decay cycle. Because of this, nuclear fusion is still viewed as a possibility to provide unlimited, â€Å"clean† energy based on nuclear reactions similar to those occurring in the sun, while nuclear fission reactions based on Uranium and Plutonium fuel power plants across the world in practical application, but long term concerns exist about the safety of the radioactive waste materials over time as the elements continue to decay and emit harmful radiation into the environment. â€Å"Plutonium-239 is one of the two fissile materials used for the production of nuclear weapons a nd in some nuclear reactors as a source of energy. The other fissile material is uranium-235. Plutonium-239 is virtually nonexistent in nature. It is made by bombarding uranium-238 with neutrons in a nuclear reactor. Uranium-238 is present in quantity in most reactor fuel; hence plutonium-239 is continuously made in these reactors. Since plutonium-239 can itself be split by neutrons to release energy, plutonium-239 provides a portion of the energy generation in a nuclear reactor. Plutonium belongs to the class of elements called transuranic elements whose atomic number is higher than 92, the atomic number of uranium. Essentially all transuranic materials in existence are manmade. The atomic number of plutonium is 94. Plutonium has 15 isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 232 to 246. Isotopes of the same element have the same number of protons in their nuclei but differ by the number of neutrons. Since the chemical characteristics of an element are governed by the number of protons in the nucleus, which equals the number of electrons when the atom is electrically neutral (the usual elemental form at room temperature), all isotopes have nearly the same chemical characteristics. This means that in most cases it is very difficult to separate isotopes from each other by chemical techniques. Only two plutonium isotopes have commercial and military applications. Plutonium-238, which is made in nuclear reactors from neptunium-237, is used to make compact

Dostoevsky’s Notes from Underground Essay Example for Free

Dostoevsky’s Notes from Underground Essay Fyodor Dostoevsky is one of the most influential authors in world literature. This Russian author had written several remarkable novels including Crime and Punishment, The Idiot and Brothers Karamazov. However, before the aforementioned novels were published, Dostoevsky had already gained critical acclaim and recognition for his work entitled Notes from Underground. This novel explores how the freedom of man is undermined by the atmosphere of rationality that dominated the 17th and 18th centuries. Through the novel’s protagonist, the Underground Man, Dostoevsky illustrates how real freedom is manifested in the defiance of reason. The period called the Enlightenment occurred throughout the 17th and 18th centuries (Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). During this time, reason governed over every endeavor, and was valued above everything else. The period left no room for superstition or foolishness; rationality reigned supreme (Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). Reason was the means in which man and society can develop for the better. European thought was dominated by materialism, liberalism and more importantly, utopianism (Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). All of these movements were established on the belief that reasonable and natural-law theories could establish a perfect society (Emerson, 1992). Perfection was only attainable through the application of reason and the manifestation of â€Å"enlightened self-interest† (Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). The prevalence of reason strongly influenced and inspired Dostoevsky to write Notes from Underground (Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). However, the novel did not convey a message agreeable to the intellectual milieu; instead, it served to criticize its very existence. Notes from Underground is actually a response to another text, entitled What Is to be Done? (Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ; Madden, n. d. ). It was written by N. G. Chernyshevsky and was published in 1863. Chernyshevsky was an advocate of â€Å"rational egoism,† a movement which fervently believed that perfection of life could be achieved through rationality and enlightenment (Madden, n. d. ). The â€Å"rational egoists† also upheld principles of natural law (Madden, n. d. ). Dostoevsky disagreed with the belief that rationality and enlightenment were the keys to perfection. He strongly believed that the nature of man was beyond those two elements. He acknowledged man’s capacity for both the rational and the foolish; he even upheld that the irrationality of man was more definite, while the rationality was merely added (Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). Moreover, Dostoevsky was convinced that laws of nature or the principles of reason were not capable of recognizing human individuality, personality, and more importantly, free will (Madden, n. d. ). These beliefs are embedded in the novel, a text which Rozanov considers a critique of reason as a means to perfection (as cited in Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). The novel, in the words of Wasiolek, showed how man can be both rational and irrational, as his actions are the result of the exercise of his own freedom (as cited in Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). Hence, the theme of freedom in the novel is the utmost disregard for reason and natural laws. The protagonist of the novel is the Underground Man, a forty year old man who used to work in civil service (Dostoevsky, 1992). For a protagonist, he is considered an â€Å"anti-hero† (Madden, n. d. ). He is also the antithesis of the time in which he lived; he disagreed with utilitarianism, which prevailed during the 19th century. Utilitarianism was characterized by utilizing â€Å"mathematical formulas and logical proofs† to equate one’s wants with his best interests (Madden, n. d. ). The Underground Man disagrees with this; he attests that man wants to exercise his freedom and could do so regardless if it agrees with his best interests or not. If it is man’s desire to act irrational, he could. Of course, acting irrational is not in anyone’s best interest. However, by being irrational, he was truly able to exercise his freedom. Actions based on desires, instead of reason, enable man to be free. Freedom is thus associated with acting without reason. So in an era where reason dominated, the Underground Man was rather unreasonable. By being unreasonable, he was able to be truly free. In the novel, the Underground Man asserts that science deprives one of freedom. Dostoevsky (1992) writes, â€Å"Science has managed by now to anatomize man to such a degree that we already know that all your wishing, your so-called free will is nothing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 29). The Underground Man then begins his attack on utilitarianism: If someday they should really discover the formula for all our whims and wishes—I mean, what causes them, what laws they’re governed by, how they develop and where they lead in one case or another†¦in other words, an actual mathematical formula—why, then man will perhaps immediately stop wishing†¦Who wants to wish according to graphs (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 29)? â€Å"Whims and wishes† in this quotation refers to the desires of man. The principles of utilitarianism are marked by analysis of people’s desires. These desires undergo scrutiny, as to determine if these desires agree with what is best for the people. However, the act of wishing does not involve analysis or scrutiny. One can desire something for no apparent reason. One may wish for something that may prove harmful in the long run. The exercise of freedom is spontaneous and non-regulated. If one has to base his or her desires from the graphs or formulas of science and math, they would no longer fall under the exercise of freedom. If one is to desire based on the graphs or formulas, it would not be an act of freedom any more. This is because there is imposition involved; the desires are imposed upon by the requirements of science or math. In this situation, the desires of man are dictated by the principles of reason. Thus, freedom disappears upon the use of reason. In the words of the Underground Man, â€Å"For if desires are one day brought into complete accord with reason, then we shall reason instead of wishing† (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 30). The Underground Man continues his argument against utilitarianism by differentiating reason and desires. He states: You see, gentlemen, reason is unquestionably a fine thing, but reason is no more than reason, and it gives fulfillment only to a man’s reasoning capacity, while desires are a manifestation of the whole of life—I mean the whole of human life, both with its reason and with all its itches and scratches (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 31). In this quotation, the Underground Man affirms that while reason is important, it is not the most important thing. The desires of man, through which freedom can be exercised, have a much wider scope than reason. Therefore, the desires of man cannot be reduced to graphs and tables because it transcends them. The Underground Man uses the piano key as a symbol of how reason curbs man’s freedom: He will insist on clinging precisely to his own fantastic dreams, his most vulgar folly, solely in order to confirm himself that men are still men, and not piano keys, which may be played by the hands of natural laws themselves, but which are threatened by this very playing to be brought to a state where it will no longer be possible to wish a thing outside of graphs and schedules (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 34). Piano keys are pressed to make a sound in the process of playing the piano. These keys cannot produce sound on their own; they need to be touched and pressed. The analogy between the man and the piano key is what Dostoevsky used to illustrate his point. By measuring man’s desires with the graphs and formulas to determine whether or not it is in their best interests, man becomes a piano key. This is because man comes under the mercy of reason which plays him. To be manipulated by reason is to be bound by its laws; therefore, it is not freedom. The Underground Man believes that humankind values freedom over reason and best interests (Madden, n. d. ). Freedom means acting out of one’s desires or wishes whether or not the act spoken of is irrational or foolish. In the book, the Underground Man manifests his freedom through several examples. He had committed acts contrary to reason, making him a truly free individual. Hence, the Underground Man was successful in escaping the realm of reason he despises. The book starts with the Underground Man’s admission of a pain. He says, â€Å"I think that my liver hurts† (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 1). Anyone who experiences pain will surely resort to measures to eliminate that pain. This is because pain is suffering, and nobody wants to suffer. In the instance that pain is felt, it is only reasonable that one seeks medical assistance by visiting a doctor. On the contrary, the Underground Man says, â€Å"No, sir, I refuse to see a doctor out of spite† (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 1). This decision is obviously irrational, because he does not want to see a doctor to deal with the pain. In addition, he does not have a valid reason not to go to the doctor. One would presume that he simply takes pleasure in his own pain. A rational man would find this decision as preposterous, as no one ever enjoyed suffering from pain (Madden, n. d. ). However, what appears to be a manifestation of masochistic tendencies is actually the Underground Man’s exercise of freedom. Reason dictates that when one feels pain, that person should visit the doctor. As was earlier discussed, the Underground Man believes that reason limits freedom, because it only acknowledges the desires that would be in one’s best interests. The tolerance of pain and the derivation of pleasure from it is the Underground Man’s way of breaking free from reason. Surely, it is a foolish thing to do, but he does not want to conform to the dictates of reason. He values his freedom, so he refuses to act according to reason. He is a free man; he could do as he pleased. Even if it is contrary to his best interests in prolonging such agony, he still does it because he wished to do so. By tolerating pain and deriving pleasure from it, he successful avoids the system of reason. According to the Underground Man, â€Å"I know better than anyone else that I will only harm myself by this, and no one else. And yet, if I don’t seek a cure, it is out of spite. My liver hurts? Good, let it hurt still more† (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 2)! The Underground Man proceeds with his painful endeavor, this time with a toothache. The fourth chapter of the book opens with his laughter: â€Å"Ha-ha-ha! You will find pleasure in a toothache next! And why not? There is pleasure in a toothache ache too† (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 14). Just like with the liver ache, the Underground Man allows himself to feel the pain of his tooth instead of seeing a dentist. He welcomes the pain, and refuses to seek treatment. A critic of the novel, Mikhaylovsky declares that the Underground Man â€Å"tortures because he wants to, he likes torture. There is neither reason nor purpose here, and, in the opinion of Dostoevksy, they are not at all necessary, for absolute cruelty is interesting† (as cited in Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). Indeed, this is true. The Underground Man does not subject himself to pain for a reason. In fact, he does so to do away with reason. He refrains from seeking medical treatment because he wants to. By indulging in his desire, he exercises complete freedom. Aside from the aforementioned tolerance of pains, the Underground Man had exercised his freedom through irrationality in other ways. He states: I would feel a certain hidden, morbid, nasty little pleasure in the acute awareness that I had once again committed something vile that day, that what had been done could no longer be undone; and I would gnaw and gnaw at myself in silence†¦until the bitterness would finally begin to turn into a kind of shameful, damnable sweetness (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 7). In this excerpt, the Underground Man expresses how he had realized his evil ways by contemplating what he had done. However, instead of wallowing in guilt, the realization ends up being a source of pleasure. How did the Underground Man manifest his freedom through this? The purveyors of rationality would insist that those who know what is in their best interests would not resort to baseness or frivolity. The Underground Man was aware of vileness of his actions; in a way, he was aware it was not in his best interests. However, he did not feel a sense of guilt. The realization of his action that started with bitterness eventually became that of sweetness. He knew what he had done was bad, but this does not change the fact that he derived pleasure from it. His reaction to such vile deeds set him apart from what reason dictates as proper. Because he did not follow the dictates of reason, he had exercised his own freedom through defiance. Reason makes one feel burdened when one commits a nasty or vile action. It supposes that rational ways should be observed, and a nasty or vile action is never rational. He sights an example when one is forced to apologize for a nasty deed. The Underground Man says: Generally, I could never endure saying, â€Å"Forgive me, Papa, I won’t do it again†Ã¢â‚¬â€and not because I was incapable of saying it, but, on the contrary, perhaps precisely because I was all too capable of it. And how I did it (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 16)! In this passage, the Underground Man expressed disagreement with repentance. He believes that one should not apologize for doing something. He finds apologies as deceiving; the claim to never do an act considered vile again seems insincere. In our freedom, we are all capable of doing these acts. Regardless if they are rational or irrational, we all have the capacity to act according to our own free will. The claim â€Å"I won’t do it again† is quite fraudulent, as it is quite understood that anyone can do anything, according to their free will. Thus, it is possible for one to exercise freedom and desire something which is not in one’s best interest. According to the Underground Man: And what if his advantage on a given occasion not only may, but must, lie exactly in choosing for himself the harmful rather than the advantageous? And if this is so, if there can be such an occasion, then the entire rule is shattered to smithereens (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 22). The rule spoken of here is the belief that man would choose what is in his best interests. Again, the exercise of freedom lies in choosing or desiring something regardless of their nature. In the above quotation, the Underground Man affirms that there will be instances wherein man will choose what is harmful, instead of what is useful, to him. The moment such situation arises, the principle of reason will be disproved. The Underground Man does not believe in the principle that man will act according to what is in his best interests. Neither does he believe that man’s desires can be reduced to graphs of science nor formulas of mathematics. The concept of freedom for the Underground Man is that which is contrary to the dictates of reason. He does not acknowledge that man will commit acts that are in tune with his best interests. This would be a violation of his freedom, as the freedom presupposes one’s capacity for both the rational and the irrational. If one chooses to commit an irrational act, he is merely exercising his freedom. Did the Underground Man succeed in escaping the realm of reason he so despised? The answer is yes. His tolerance of pain and derivation of pleasure from suffering were direct defiance to reason. He had rendered himself completely liberated from the atmosphere of rationality. He did and thought as he pleased, whether or not it was in his best interests. Indeed, he had escaped, and is completely free. REFERENCES Dostoevsky, F. (1992). Notes from Underground (M. Ginsburg, Trans. ). New York: Bantam. (Original work published in 1864). Madden, C. (n. d. ). SparkNote on Notes from Underground. Retrieved March 29, 2008, from http://www. sparknotes. com/lit/underground/ Marder, J. , Meyer, M. , Wyshak, F. (n. d. ). Dostoevsky’s Notes from Underground Study Guide. Retrieved March 29, 2008, from http://community. middlebury. edu/~beyer/courses/previous/ru351/novels/UGMan/ugman. html