Delphi Record Helpers For Sets and Other Simple Types

Understanding Delphi Class (and Record) Helpers introduces a feature of the Delphi language allowing you to extend the definition of a class or a record type by adding functions and procedures (methods) to existing classes and records without inheritance. In XE3 Delphi version, record helpers became more powerful by allowing to extend simple Delphi types like strings, integers, enums, sets and alike. The System.SysUtils unit, from Delphi XE3, implements a record named TStringHelper which is actually a record helper for strings. Using Delphi XE3 you can compile and use the next code: var s : string; begin s : Delphi XE3; s.Replace(XE3, rules, []).ToUpper; end; For this to be possible, a new construct was made in Delphi record helper for [simple type]. For strings, this is type TStringHelper record helper for string. The name states record helper but this is not about extending records - rather about extending simple types like strings, integers and alike. In System and System.SysUtils there are other predefined record helpers for simple types, including: TSingleHelper, TDoubleHelper, TExtendedHelper, TGuidHelper (and a few others). You can get from the name what simple type the helper extends. There are also some handy open source helpers, like TDateTimeHelper. Enumerations? Helper for Enumerations? enumerations sets Enumerations and sets being treated as simple types can also now (in XE3 and beyond) be extended with functionality a record type can have: functions, procedures and alike. Heres a simple enumeration (TDay) and a record helper: type TDay (Monday 0, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday); TDayHelper record helper for TDay function AsByte : byte; function ToString : string; end; function TDayHelper.AsByte: byte; begin result : Byte(self); end; function TDayHelper.ToString: string; begin case self of Monday: result : Monday; Tuesday: result : Tuesday; Wednesday: result : Wednesday; Thursday: result : Thursday; Friday: result : Friday; Saturday: result : Saturday; Sunday: result : Sunday; end; end; var aDay : TDay; s : string; begin aDay : TDay.Monday; s : aDay.ToString.ToLower; end; convert a Delphi Enum to a String Representation Sets? Helper for Sets? TDays set of TDay; var days : TDays; s : string; begin days : [Monday .. Wednesday]; days : days [Sunday]; end; BUT, how GREAT would it be to be able to do: var days : TDays; b : boolean; begin days : [Monday, Tuesday] b : days.Intersect([Monday, Thursday]).IsEmpty; type TDaysHelper record helper for TDays function Intersect(const days : TDays) : TDays; function IsEmpty : boolean; end; ... function TDaysHelper.Intersect(const days: TDays): TDays; begin result : self * days; end; function TDaysHelper.IsEmpty: boolean; begin result : self []; end; For every set type constructed around an enumeration you would need to have a separate helper as, unfortunately, enumerations and sets do not go along generics and generic types. This means that the following cannot be compiled: //NO COMPILE OF ALIKE! TGenericSet set of T : [?Enumeration?]; TEnum Simple generics Enum example Record Helper For Set Of Byte! type TByteSet set of Byte; TByteSetHelper record helper for TByteSet We can have the following in the definition of the TByteSetHelper: public procedure Clear; procedure Include(const value : Byte); overload; inline; procedure Include(const values : TByteSet); overload; inline; procedure Exclude(const value : Byte); overload; inline; procedure Exclude(const values : TByteSet); overload; inline; function Intersect(const values : TByteSet) : TByteSet; inline; function IsEmpty : boolean; inline; function Includes(const value : Byte) : boolean; overload; inline; function Includes(const values : TByteSet) : boolean; overload; inline; function IsSuperSet(const values : TByteSet) : boolean; inline; function IsSubSet(const values : TByteSet) : boolean; inline; function Equals(const values : TByteSet) : boolean; inline; function ToString : string; inline; end; { TByteSetHelper } procedure TByteSetHelper.Include(const value: Byte); begin System.Include(self, value); end; procedure TByteSetHelper.Exclude(const value: Byte); begin System.Exclude(self, value); end; procedure TByteSetHelper.Clear; begin self : []; end; function TByteSetHelper.Equals(const values: TByteSet): boolean; begin result : self values; end; procedure TByteSetHelper.Exclude(const values: TByteSet); begin self : self - values; end; procedure TByteSetHelper.Include(const values: TByteSet); begin self : self values; end; function TByteSetHelper.Includes(const values: TByteSet): boolean; begin result : IsSuperSet(values); end; function TByteSetHelper.Intersect(const values: TByteSet) : TByteSet; begin result : self * values; end; function TByteSetHelper.Includes(const value: Byte): boolean; begin result : value in self; end; function TByteSetHelper.IsEmpty: boolean; begin result : self []; end; function TByteSetHelper.IsSubSet(const values: TByteSet): boolean; begin result : self values; end; function TByteSetHelper.IsSuperSet(const values: TByteSet): boolean; begin result : self values; end; function TByteSetHelper.ToString: string; var b : Byte; begin for b in self do result : result IntToStr(b) , ; result : Copy(result, 1, -2 Length(result)); end; var daysAsByteSet : TByteSet; begin daysAsByteSet.Clear; daysAsByteSet.Include(Monday.AsByte); daysAsByteSet.Include(Integer(Saturday); daysAsByteSet.Include(Byte(TDay.Tuesday)); daysAsByteSet.Include(Integer(TDay.Wednesday)); daysAsByteSet.Include(Integer(TDay.Wednesday)); //2nd time - no sense daysAsByteSet.Exclude(TDay.Tuesday.AsByte); ShowMessage(daysAsByteSet.ToString); ShowMessage(BoolToStr(daysAsByteSet.IsSuperSet([Monday.AsByte,Saturday.AsByte]), true)); end; Theres a but :( Note that TByteSet accepts byte values - and any such value would be accepted here. The TByteSetHelper as implemented above is not enumeration type strict (i.e. you can feed it with a non TDay value) ... but as long as I am aware .. it does work for me.

Causal Layered Analysis Of A Globalisation Artifact

Assessment 2 – Causal Layered Analysis of a Globalisation artefact: â€Å"Frontline – Generation Like Social Media Documentary† (Youtube video) (Frontline, 2017) Introduction With the advent of widespread technology and increasing use of social media platforms globally, social media is becoming one of the most influential and inevitable contemporary communication tool. Some even consider it to be the biggest shift since the Industrial Revolution. There is a real shift in communicating with consumers. Consumers are becoming marketers. When kids like something online, it becomes part of the identity that they broadcast to the world. Today, we have, as what is termed in the video - A generation of ‘likes’. Teens are telling the world what they†¦show more content†¦According to 2016 Nielsen Social Media report: â€Å"Thirty-nine percent of heavy social users believe that finding out about products and services is an important reason for using a social network† (Casey, 2017). Besides, as per one survey carried out by the Deloitte firm, more than half of the respondents ranked â€Å"reviews from people within their social media cir cles† in their top three influencers (Taylor, 2016). †¢ Social causes/ Systemic views Digging a little deeper to look at the systemic causes - the analysis of why people hold to these views reveal some interesting information. The analysis level elucidates that for the above-mentioned litany: youngsters’ quest for identity through social media, was triggered because social media is easily available and accessible. It is cheap and almost free. It is the simplicity factor. There has been the technology boom and networking is on the go. Besides, according to a report done by a US market research company, there are now more mobile devices on the planet than people – 8.6 billion devices vs. 7.3 billion people (Connected-uk.com, 2015). Mobile phones companies are offering 24hours connectivity with attractive phone packages. There is also the herd mentality (greenfinch, 2017) and peer pressure – because people are craving for fame, attention, popularity, social validation and inclusion. They seek relationships with others to express their feelings. This has led to â€Å"FOMO†

The Nichomachean Conception Of Happiness Essay Research free essay sample

The Nichomachean Conception Of Happiness Essay, Research Paper Happiness, to Aristotle, is a term for which much exactness must be made. He understands that, # 8220 ; Happiness both the refined and the few call it, but about the nature of this Happiness, work forces dispute. # 8221 ; As such, he goes to great lengths to achieve a reasonably accurate accounting of what he sees as Happiness. He begins by exemplifying that Happiness is an End, establishes what he finds the work of Man to be, sets conditions on being happy, and so explains where in Man the cultivation of Happiness is to be sought. The consequence of all these thoughts is his to the full developed sense of Happiness, an understanding vital to his construct of Ethical motives. Happiness, for Aristotle, is an End in and of itself. # 8220 ; For ( Happiness ) we choose ever for its ain interest, and neer with a position to anything further. # 8221 ; This construct of Happiness is critical, as Aristotle seeks to set up Happiness as the Highest Human Good. For Aristotle, it seems obvious, as even when taking award, pleasance, or mind, we choose them non merely for themselves, but besides for the Happiness that is derived from them. As an End, Happiness becomes more than a pleasure-state, but a complete impression of fulfilment, and the Good to which all worlds strive. For Aristotle the Chief Good of any being is in the exercising of their intent. For Aristotle, it seems that life can non be the work of adult male, as any figure of workss possess simple life ; nor can sensation be his naming, as all mode of carnal possess esthesis. Rather, says Aristotle, we must look to ground as the foundation of Man # 8217 ; s work, as Man possesses ground where others do non. And, he continues, as work may be of a good or bad nature, it can be assumed that, # 8220 ; the Good of Man comes to be # 8216 ; a working of the Soul ( ground ) in the manner of excellence. # 8217 ; # 8221 ; As such, we have the Chief Good of adult male being his exercising of ground, and the End of this action is Happiness. Aristotle sets many bounds on achieving Happiness, due make his apprehension of what Happiness is derived from. He sees engagement in life as important, as, # 8220 ; at the Olympic games it is non the finest and strongest work forces that are crowned, but those that enter the lists, # 8221 ; i.e. , one must be a portion of life in order to be judged by the criterions of life. Aristotle besides finds assorted external goods to be of absolute necessity, including friends, money, and political influence, as they are # 8220 ; instruments by which many things are done. # 8221 ; In the same instance and sort he lists fortunate birth, valued kids, and personal visual aspect. These, excessively, he thinks are necessary to a complete realisation of Happiness. Even the stableness of these things # 8212 ; and a individual # 8217 ; s repute # 8212 ; after decease is considered portion of Happiness. Important, I think, is the apprehension that these things are non Happiness, but as we see subsequently, the surplus or lack of these things hinders the fulfilment of Happiness. The last two restrictions on Happiness have to make with ground itself. Aristotle finds that it is impossible that either animate beings or kids might cognize Happiness, as their limited modules prevent them from cognizing Happiness to the full. Likewise, a balanced personality is necessary to recognizing Happiness since, # 8220 ; this stableness which is sought will be in the happy adult male, and he will be such through life, since ever # 8230 ; he will be making and contemplating the things which are of virtuousness: and the assorted opportunities of life he will bear most nobly, # 8230 ; since he is the genuinely good man. # 8221 ; Finally # 8212 ; with respect to Happiness # 8212 ; Aristotle sets to explicate where, precisely, the cultivation of Happiness is to get down. Since he has already stated that the base pleasances do non divide Man from animal, Happiness is evidently non traveling to be found at that place. Alternatively, the rational portion of Man is to be studied. Aristotle divides reason into two parts, Intellectual and Moral. The Intellectual has to make with the maps of cognition sing intelligence and scientific discipline. Moral reason, nevertheless, considers those things sing self-denial and liberalness ( with concern to money ) . To Aristotle, it seems as if an probe of Moral Virtue is the way to exerting ground right, and therefore, Happiness. As Moral Virtue is the avenue by which Happiness is to be sought, Aristotle besides gives much air current to the explication of its foundations. He begins by explicating Virtue # 8217 ; s connexion to nature. He so describes several characteristics that Virtue must incorporate, separating it from other properties and conditions found in Man. He so outlines # 8212 ; most to the full # 8212 ; his construct of the way to Moral Virtue, and the ways in which it can be brought into being. Aristotle delivers a really complete image of what Moral Virtue is, and how it relates to his construct of Happiness. Aristotle writes, # 8220 ; The Virtues so come to be in us neither by nature, nor in despite of it, but we are furnished by nature with a capacity for having them, and are perfected in them through custom. # 8221 ; This is a really of import point to Aristotle, in which he establishes the natural ori gins for Virtue, but allows for the multiplicity of thoughts ( and incorrect readings ) refering Virtue. He feels that in moving we come to understand things. To humor: moving rightly leads to being merely. So Aristotle sees Virtue as a combination of nature’s modules and the imposts that shape them. As such, Virtue is a erudite trait, shaped by the myriad of experiences all human existences are capable to. This explains more to the full why secondary traits like visual aspect have such bearing on Happiness. The experiences environing an unfortunate single prevent the full realisation of take parting to the full in a civilization, which is the avenue by which people learn to move right. Habits, every bit far as Aristotle is concerned, are best determined by Man # 8217 ; s reaction to events. That is, a individual with true Moral Virtue will non merely move right, but will non be unnerved or bothered by moving with Virtue. This is an of import construct, as Happiness can non be derived from a life consisting of Acts of the Apostless contrary to the will. Thus, Aristotle feels it is really of import that people understand their actions, and the motivations behind them. Actions conducted with Virtue, hence, should be acceptable to the ground, and convey felicity. The following point Aristotle considers more or less obvious, that Virtue should lie within the mean. Not merely the absolute mean, either, but the comparative mean with respect to the person. He states that for each case and every determination, the mean will change. The lone usher to us is that it should be obvious to a # 8220 ; adult male of practical wisdom, # 8221 ; or one who is wise. His point seems good established, though, as he brings out the illustrations of self-denial, choler, truthfulness, and wealth. Surely each of these has extremes in both grades, and it seems sensible to presume that either extreme of any of the instances is non to be a coveted province. This leads to his summing up of Virtue as # 8220 ; a province apt to exert deliberate pick, being in the comparative mean, determined by ground, and as the adult male of practical ground would determine. # 8221 ; All of these elements work together # 8212 ; each needfully # 8212 ; to convey about the status Ar istotle calls Happiness. Taking a specific instance in point, it might be asked whether a adult male like Thomas Jefferson could be considered both Happy and Virtuous in visible radiation of his having slaves. The issue can be taken from several positions: Did Jefferson act in moderateness with respect to slavery? Did Jefferson act harmonizing to usage? ( Which may or may non be a valid defence in visible radiation of Aristotle # 8217 ; s construct of who would fall under the domain of moral theory ) Did the slaves even have the ability to be Happy, given their place in society? Any statements can be dismissed, nevertheless, with one quotation mark from Aristotle. # 8220 ; # 8230 ; taking safety in talk, they flatter themselves they are philosophising, and that they will so be good work forces: playing in truth really like those ill people who listen to their physician with great attending but do nil that he tells them: merely as these can non be good bodily under such a class of intervention, so neither can those be mentally by such philosophizing. # 8221 ; This seems a really vituperative disapprobation of Jefferson, and puts him entirely out of the Aristotelean kingdom of felicity. Because of Jefferson # 8217 ; s positions sing bondage # 8212 ; and he was really much opposed to the establishment # 8212 ; his deliberate credence of the lifestyle broke in his individual the ability to accomplish Happiness. His dichotomy of consciousness # 8212 ; cognizing the inhumaneness of bondage, yet maintaining slaves for himself # 8212 ; caused much injury to his mental province, in an Aristotelean position. Because of this interruption with what he knew to be true, he acted contrary to ground. Acting contrary to ground, he disallowed himself from to the full sing Happiness. Not merely did the individual act sabotage his place, but his credence of an unlogical life style would harm his ability to right judge other state of affairss. Merely as hapless birth or fiscal concern cause jobs, this lip service would pervade his life, and continually sabotage his ability to be happy. What seems like the great sarcasm is his dependance on slaves for economic system ; he was seeking to forestall concern and problem in his fundss and caused concern and problem to his mind. Aristotle would hold neer even have thought of the problems blighting Jefferson, and it seems his ultimate problem ballad at the unfortunate clip of his birth. Far plenty into Enlightenment to cognize bondage was incorrect, but non far plenty along to see the propulsion of his dreams, Jefferson was caught. Aristotle would hold likely had commiseration on the adult male, but he would hold thought him incapable of Happiness however. Jefferson was caught between excessively many universes to happen the mean efficaciously, edge by excessively many traditions and outlooks to populate as he wished. Jefferson is condemned by an Aristotelean position, but is saved by his place in American history ; which might, queerly, be a kind of exoneration in Aristotle # 8217 ; s eyes. Bibliography Nicomachean Ethical motives, Aristotle, trans. D.P. Chase, Dover Publications, 1998.

Revisiting The Conceptual Framework Click Now To Get Solution

Question: Describe about theconceptual framework. Answer: Reasons why Principle-based standards require a conceptual framework The main goal of the principal-based standards is basing their standards on principles that are appropriate and consistent globally. This means they look for principles that are applicable all over the world. This can be done basing on a conceptual framework. The conceptual framework will eliminate the differences that lie between FASB and IASB standards. This implies the FASNB and IASB standards will be merged to one common thing by aligning their agendas closely to achieve convergence in their future standards (Deegan 2013). The principles have to be based on economic concepts rather than a collection or arbitrary conventions. For the best foundation on principal-based common standards, the boards tend to undertake joint projects in developing a common and improved conceptual framework. The main reasons why principle-based standards require a conceptual framework include; One set of Standards A conceptual framework will seek to eliminate the main differences that exist between the FASB and IASB standards. This will be achieved by moving towards convergence of these two standards. The conceptual framework tends to initiate some of projects whose main aims are achieving convergence of the standards within the shortest time possible on specific aspects and issues. In this way, agendas can be aligned by both the boards of FASB and IASB that move more closely to structure oneness in their future standards. If this convergence is achieved, a set of one standard would have been achieved as a result of a conceptual framework. Identification of troublesome Issues The conceptual framework will mean that the approach is done jointly on the project. FASB and IASB agree to plan the project jointly, this will help to identify problems/troublesome issues that tend to appear repeatedly in a variety of standard setting projects. This will mean that the focus will be made on issues that appear to be comprehensive, those issues that cut across a variety of projects. The conceptual framework thus will provide a better way to consider the implications of such troublesome issues; thereby the IASB and FASB will get an upper-hand in developing standards-level guidance. Financial Statement A conceptual framework basically assists in the making of a statement of finance. A principal-based standard that applies conceptual framework will be a necessity in the preparation of financial statements. This means that common financial reporting standards will be used. These international standards will also help in dealing such topics that the IASB and FASB principles have not yet covered or developed. This will thus be a better guideline to prepare financial statements that meet the required standards globally. Unity and lack of confusion Unity is an aspect of oneness. Accounting standards that are based on a conceptual framework will mean that these policies are the same whether you are dealing with FASB or IASB. The confusions that would rather arise from basing your financial statements on one of either FASB or IASB would not be there. This is necessitated if the FASB and IASB align their standards to be one. Efficiency of the operations The operations of FASB and IASB will be more efficient if they are to operate on fair standards that fit both of them. This means none of their standards would be conflicting and thus, the operations and continuity of IASB and FASB is guaranteed. Importance of Sharing Common Conceptual Framework between IASB and FASB A common conceptual framework means that IASB and FASB will work towards making their standards be similar in a way. They will combine their standards and make standards that will be applicable globally for users from all over the world. The converged framework between FASB and IASB should be in a form of a single document including summaries and basis for conclusions on given aspects. Combining these standards into one has some benefits to both IASB and FASB. The importance of sharing a common conceptual framework between FASB and IASB may include; Proper Decision-Making Relatively, these decisions will not be made at a personal level but at the levels of both FASB and IASB, this means both the parties will participate actively towards these. Decision-making therefore, is proper and well designed as each one of the parties is a participant. Therefore, on making decisions all aspects will have to be viewed before coming up with summaries and conclusions. Guidance for Unusual Transactions There are some transactions that may sometimes appear tricky to treat when making a financial statement, such transactions may be actually difficult to handle. FASB and IASB can collectively discuss these transactions and come up with the standards on how to how to handle such transactions. Thus, both the parties FASB and IASB will be able to contribute towards the standards that would be set for such standards. Consistency When FASB and IASB share a common conceptual framework, there will be consistency in their standards. Their standards will thus, conform to the global standards. This means the standards of handling a transaction or aspect will remain similar for both FASB and IASB. Benefits of a Conceptual Framework The main advantages of a conceptual framework include; Allows the standard setters to develop accounting standards on a fair and consistent basis. Assists auditors and financial accounting statement users to understand how the standard setting gives its approach to the financial statement. However, the concept of a conceptual framework is more important to the parties that are engaged in setting standards. They will pass these standards most probably, based on what favor them. The beneficiaries of these policies are the citizens or residents of a nation. When these standards are detrimental, they will mostly affect the citizens and not the ones who implemented the standards. The conceptual framework is, therefore, very important to the standard setters as compared to the citizens who are the beneficiaries of these standards. The Concept of Cross-cutting The aspect of cross-cutting issue involves taking into account things that are uncertain to occur when measuring the value of assets or liabilities in a financial statement. For example, when measuring assets or liabilities, it is done with reference to the future cash flow. Here, the future cash flow is the uncertainty since there are ranges of possible outcomes in this future cash flow (Hogg 2000). When this measurement is being done, it is always advisable that the possible outcomes be reduced to single measures. Fundamental problem of historical cost principle Historical cost principle is an accounting policy used in the preparation of financial statements. According to this principle, the value of an asset to be recorded on the balance sheet should be based on the original cost that was used to acquire the asset (Eucken 2012). Thus, historical cost does not consider the changes in the value of money caused by changes in price levels. Therefore, the fundamental problem associated with historical cost accounting is that it presents asset value based on the cost used to acquire the assets without consideration of the changes in market value. Hence, this provides information that does not portray the actual economic state of a company. In respect to this; the financial statements prepared may not have any relevance to the financial community. Core principle of measurement in Accounting Accounting basically includes the process of summarizing, analyzing, and issuing reports on the economic state of an organization. These reports are very important to investors and creditors of an organization. The financial reports are used for the following purposes; They are used to determine the companys financial conditions; the financial conditions of a company are of great importance both to the companys shareholders and the creditors as these are the major capital providers. Investors and creditors use the information provided on the financial reports to know how secure and lucrative their investments are. The reports also indicated a companys outstanding debt and equity. Used to evaluate the annual results from the companys operations; the financial reports are used to indicate the assets, liabilities and equity of a company at the end of the year. The results of various operations and the profits or losses made are also shown. From these operating results, investors can evaluate the performance of a company and make predictions about the future. The financial statements are also used to determine the organizations cash flows; cash flows describe the cash exchanges that an organization had with the outside world over a given time span. This information is used by shareholders of a firm to determine whether a company is to pay for expenses or make purchases. Financial reports are used to determine the shareholders equity; the reports are used to evaluate the various changes in equity components which include retained earnings. The shareholders equity is used to calculate the net worth of a company. An increase in equity rather than shareholders base will imply an increase in the accumulated investment returns Thus, based on the above importance of financial reports to investors and creditors, it is necessary that the principles used in preparing the financial reports can provide information that will give a true and fair picture of a companys economic state. This is because if the reports provide wrong information, it will lead to wrong decisions and this may affect the future financial conditions of a company as some investors may withdraw their capital. Wrong decisions will also affect the performance of an organization. Measuring Economic Reality The economic reality is used to define the financial conditions of an organization. Therefore, it is necessary for organizations to have well prepared financial reports that will portray the true and fair economic state of a company. Therefore, the financial reports prepared need to be reliable and relevant to both the investors and creditors. Reliability will imply that the information presented is free from errors or bias. Relevant information shows that what is being offered in the financial reports is meaningful to the users of the information such as the investors and creditors. The measure of the economic reality of an organization is based on the reliability and relevance of the information presented in the financial statements of the company. And as such financial statement should be altered in any way to favor an organization as this will not portray the actual financial position of a company. Reliability This refers to the assurance of the information presented in the financial statements being free from errors or bias that is, the information is considered to true and fair. The concept of reliability in accounting is based on faithfulness and verification. An example case of reliability is where a firm is being sued by another firm for the damages caused. The costs involved in settling settle the damages caused would threaten the financial position of the firm (Power 2010). On the other hand, failure to disclose this information in the financial report would make the information unreliable to the investors and creditors. However, it should be noted that reliability does not imply that the information presented is certain or precise. The reliability of financial reports is enhanced by the following accounting principles; Neutrality This principle requires that the information presented in financial statements should be free from any kind of bias that is, the information presented should reflect a balanced view of the general state of the company. Thus, the principle of neutrality requires that the information to be presented in financial records should not be deliberately or systematically be biased. Faithful representation The recorded data in the financial statements should represent in s faithful manner all the transactions and events that occurred during a given period of time. The transactions should be presented as they truly occurred and not just as a standard. This is referred to as Substance Over Form. Prudence This principle primarily is aimed at governing the professional judgment of accountants of a given company. The principle requires that accountants need to be cautious when deciding on the accounting policies to adopt while preparing the financial records. In this case, caution should be taken not to underestimate the liabilities and expenses of a company or overstate the assets and income entity. Completeness The information presented in financial reports should provide complete information that is relevant to the investors and creditors. Single Economic Entity The financial statements of firms that operate as a group of firms must be prepared as a single unit. Companys Estimation of Environmental Cost of Retiring an Asset. In accounting, fair value refers to a rational and unbiased estimation of the possible market price of an item, service, good or an asset. Asset retirement in a company simply means other than temporary removal from service, whether through sale, recycling, abandonment or disposal, which happens before or after the end of the assets productive life. The company must be in a position to recognize the assets retirement obligation, at the time when the bligating event occurs. The hierarchy of fair value estimation can be done in three steps. In order to estimate the fair value, the company may have to undergo the following levels; Level One Here, the preferred inputs to be estimated are given quoted prices within a given active market for the assets. This information is based on observing the transactions directly involving the specified asset. From all the market values marked, a resulting estimate of fair value would be categorized as either Level Two or Level Three. Level Two This valuation is based on the observations that are there within an actively operating market. It is acknowledged by FASB that the active markets for assets and liabilities that are identical are very uncommon when they happen to exist, they may be very slim to provide information that one can actually rely on. Within this level, the estimation of a fair value is done applying a valuation technique. Assumptions that are considered significant (inputs) that can be observed in the market are used in the valuation technique e.g. quoted prices for similar assets, yield curves, credit spreads etc. it should be noted that the values used for calculating fair value must be assumptions. Level Three The valuation is based on unobservable inputs. If Level 1and 2 did not yield any inputs, it is acknowledged that fair value estimation of the asset or liability is less precise. However, on this level too, estimation of fair value is based on the valuation technique. Aspect of Requirements to defer Recognition of a liability The concerns of recognition do not just arise spontaneously, some events which are either internal or external factors facilitates this. These internal and external factors tend to raise the suspicion that a liability exists. Some of these aspects for deferment of a liability include; Internal Realization/Discovery An internal discovery of an existing problem which may include the current events with potential environmental damage may initiate the investigation on the existence and possible discovery of a liability. Notification by a regulatory agency The existence of a potential liability is always called into question by the regulating agencies. The authorities would, therefore, make a notice on such. Commencement of operations In some firms such as mining firms, commencement of activities may be sufficient enough to trigger recognition of liabilities. Liability recognition A liability is an obligation of an organization which results from a past event and its settlement involves the outflow of cash from the organization. Liability recognition involves the agreement by an organization to settle a given liability and the process will involve cash flowing out of the organization (Faure 2003). Accounting standards body have developed standards to be used before a liability can be recognized on the financial statements. For a liability to be recognized it has to fulfill the following conditions; There is a probability that the liability will result in the outflow of cash from an organization. It can be possible to estimate or measure the cost of the liability. Thus, if a liability justifies the above conditions it will be represented in the financial statements. The inclusion of liabilities on financial statements will result into the have the following effects on the net profit and cash flow of an organization: Net profit The effect of liability recognition in relation to future restoration on the net profit for the current year is that the net profit will not be affected. However, the net profit will be affected as the company will have to include the liabilities on the financial statements. Cash outflow The cash outflows of the current will not be affected as the currently the liability recognition is not in effect. In the future years, the cash flows will be affected as the company may be required to honor some environment liability obligations. Importance of liability recognition It is important for companies to recognize their liability recognition such as environmental liabilities so as the organization can plan effectively on how to settle it. In addition, the recognition of the liability will enable the company to plan on its expenses. Liability recognition will imply that the company understands the limits to its operation so that no such operation will be carried out by the organization that affects its operations. Also, liability recognition will enable the firm to determine whether the liabilities are to be included in the preparation of financial statements. Disclosure Disclosure involves a company presenting the necessary information regarding its financial position. An organization is responsible for disclosing its liabilities in the preparation of financial statement. This will, in turn, enable the company to be able to determine the effect of the liabilities on the net profits and cash outflows. The extent of the disclosure should be at such a point that it provides the necessary information to the financial information users such as shareholders and creditors. If the disclosure is unreliable, wrong decisions can be made regarding the companys financial position and this, in turn, may affect the operations of a company as some shareholders may decide to pull out their capital. Thus, liability disclosure should be true and fair and unbiased. References Anagnostopoulos, Y. and Buckland, R., 2005. Historical cost versus fair value accounting in banking: Implications for supervision, provisioning, financial reporting and market discipline. Journal of Banking Regulation, 6(2), pp.109-127. Burns, J. and Scapens, R.W., 2000. Conceptualizing management accounting change: an institutional framework. Management accounting research, 11(1), pp.3-25. Deegan, C., 2013. Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Darrell, W. and Schwartz, B.N., 1997. Environmental disclosures and public policy pressure. Journal of accounting and Public Policy, 16(2), pp.125-154. DRURY, C.M., 2013. Management and cost accounting. Springer. Eucken, W., 2012. The foundations of economics: history and theory in the analysis of economic reality. Springer Science Business Media. Faure, M., 2003. Deterrence, insurability, and compensation in environmental liability: future developments in the European Union. Graham, A., Maher, J.J. and Northcut, W.D., 2001. Environmental liability information and bond ratings. Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance, 16(2), pp.93-116. Gray, R., Owen, D. and Adams, C., 1996. Accounting accountability: changes and challenges in corporate social and environmental reporting. Prentice Hall. Harrison, W.T. and Lemon, W.M., 1993. Financial Accounting. Prentice Hall. Heinberg, R., 2011. The end of growth: Adapting to our new economic reality. New Society Publishers. Hogg, K., 2000. Making a difference: effective implementation of cross-cutting policy. A Scottish Executive Policy Unit Review Journal, 791, pp.52-61. Hung, M., 2000. Accounting standards and value relevance of financial statements: An international analysis. Journal of accounting and economics, 30(3), pp.401-420. Johnson, H.T. and Kaplan, R.S., 1991. Relevance lost: the rise and fall of management accounting. Harvard Business Press. Kam, V., 1990. Accounting theory (pp. 14-18). New York: Wiley. Li, Y., Richardson, G.D. and Thornton, D.B., 1997. Corporate disclosure of environmental liability information: theory and evidence*. Contemporary Accounting Research, 14(3), pp.435-474. Penman, S.H. and Penman, S.H., 2001. Financial statement analysis and security valuation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Power, M., 2010. Fair value accounting, financial economics and the transformation of reliability. Accounting and Business Research, 40(3), pp.197-210. Revsine, L., Collins, D.W., Johnson, W.B. and Mittelstaedt, H.F., 2005. Financial reporting analysis. New York, NY: Pearson/Prentice Hall Riahi-Belkaoui, A., 2004. Accounting theory. Cengage Learning EMEA. Schroeder, R.G., Clark, M.W. and Cathey, J.M., 2013. Financial accounting theory and analysis: text and cases. Wiley Global Education. Scott, W.R., 2014. Financial accounting theory. Pearson Education Canada. Waterhouse, J.H. and Tiessen, P., 1978. A contingency framework for management accounting systems research. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 3(1), pp.65-76. Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D., KIESO, D. and Elias, R.Z., 2010. Accounting principles. Issues in Accounting Education, 25(1), pp.179-180.

Sales and Operations Planning

Research is consistent with the idea that sales and operations planning (SOP) is increasingly gaining repotation as one of the most important strategies that leading organizations are implementing to respond to contemporary business challenges and at the same time maintain their growth, profitability, competiveness and customer satisfaction (Muzumdar and Fontanella 1; Paganini and Kenny 2).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sales and Operations Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the most salient issues that come across upon reading the articles is that contemporary SOP practices lead to firm competitiveness. This paper is a reaction to this critical issue.  Most of the readings confirm clear and direct relationship between contemporary SOP practices and the realization of competitive advantage. Organizations implementing modern SOP practices, according to one of the readings, are able to achieve and maintain competitive advantage reducing production costs, improving order lead time, identifying and addressing production overruns, developing a more accurate forecast and increasing forecasting accuracy, improving delivery performance and cost management, enhancing efficiency, increasing visibility into their supply chain, introducing cross-functional metrics, as well as aligning all areas with the view to making superior business decisions (Upton and Singh 6-7). These findings are consistent with the views of other researchers, who posit that contemporary SOP practices lead to firm competitiveness in terms of dramatic increase and consistency in forecasting accuracy (â€Å"Sales and Operations Planning† 10), alignment and execution of an overall corporate strategy (Bower 3), strategic planning and decision making aimed at enhancing profitability (Chopra and Meindi 252-253), as well as avoidance of margin loss and customer dissatisfaction (Paganini and Kenny 2). At a perso nal level, I agree with the claims made in the readings about the potential of SOP to leverage firm competitiveness. From theoretical, as well as practical experience, I am inclined to support the authors’ assertion that contemporary SOP practices lead to competitive advantage. The capacities of organizations to not only improve order lead times, but also to develop a more accurate forecast and increase forecasting accuracy are some of the most important factors that have been cited by business practitioners and mainstream commentators as leading to firm competitiveness, customer satisfaction and growth. These factors or outcomes are well documented in most of the readings (e.g., â€Å"Sales and Operations Planning† 10; Upton and Singh 6-7). Global retailers such as Wal-Mart and Tesco, in my view, have been able to achieve and sustain leading positions in the market due to deployment of effective SOP strategies, which ensure that they are able to plan their decisions t o serve customers with the best combination of products and markets.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At a personal level, I have had the opportunity to reade case studies on how automobile companies, such as Toyota and Isuzu, have successfully used SOP to leverage competitive advantage through enhancing responsiveness and increasing visibility. Consequently, I support the claims made by the authors of the readings regarding the critical role of SOP in achieving firm competitiveness. Overall, it is evident that SOP will play an instrumental role not only in actualizing my dream of being a professional business practitioner, but also in ensuring that the companies I work for are able to achieve and sustain competitive advantage by ensuring that I employ SOP strategies with the view of responding more effectively to demand and supply variability with deep insight into the most favorable market deployment and most cost-effective supply chain approaches. As has been suggested in the readings, effective implementation of contemporary SOP remains one of the most tenable approaches that companies could use to achieve competitive advantage as it enhances those critical factors that give enterprises sustainable competitiveness. Works Cited Bower, Patrick. â€Å"12 Most Common Threats to Sales and Operations Planning Process.† Journal of Business Forecasting. 24.3 (2005): 1-10. ABI/INFORM Complete. Web. Chopra, Sunil and Peter Meindi. Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning and Operation. 5th ed. 2012. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Print. Muzumdar, Maha and John Fontanella. â€Å"The Secrets of SOP Success.† Supply Chain Management Review. 10.3 (2006): 34-41. ABI/INFORM Complete. Web. Paganini, Bill and John Kenny. â€Å"The Supply Chain as Growth Driver.† Supply Chain Management Review. 11.4 (2007): 49-55. ABI/INFORM Complete. W eb.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sales and Operations Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sales and Operations Planning: Aligning Business Goals with Supply Chain Tactics 2008. PDF file. 7 Jul. 2015. https://www.adexa.com/. Upton, Harold and Harpal Singh. â€Å"Balanced SOP: Sunsweet Growers’ Story.† Supply Chain Management Review. 11.2 (2007): 51-59. ABI/INFORM Complete. Web. This essay on Sales and Operations Planning was written and submitted by user Tenebrous to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Write an Expository Essay on Sanxingdui Culture

How to Write an Expository Essay on Sanxingdui Culture An expository essay is a straightforward presentation of facts about a particular topic. This essay requires the opinions of the writer, but is, in essence, a balanced and objective statement of interconnected facts. Because it helps you learn more about a specific subject, especially beyond textbook materials, your instructor may assign one to you. This is especially true if you are studying the Sanxingdui culture since there is very less information on it yet many archaeological projects going on. However, you can use the following steps for any expository essay you write during your years as a student. Brainstorm and Research You will need to carry out a lot of research for an expository essay.   Make sure to look up authoritative sources and make a list of the ones you will be using because you will have to include them in your references section. There are two elements you have to finalize in this phase. Topic Most instructors assign a general topic for an expository essay, leaving their students to narrow down according to their interest. Expository essay topics are easy, but require some thought if you want your essay to be creative. If you are having trouble thinking of expository essay topics for Sanxingdui culture, then use our handy list of 20 expository essay topics on Sanxingdui culture. If you want to put a little more effort, check our 12 facts on Sanxingdui culture for an expository essay for inspiration. Thesis Statement An essay cannot be e mechanical listing of facts. Each fact should have an underlying idea illustrated. This idea is your thesis. It is basically a claim or argument which you will explore throughout the essay. Write the Introduction The introduction serves as the roadmap for the rest of the expository essay. Do not include specific details in this part; simply describe your topic, its importance in the given context, and then state your thesis. Write the Main Body of Your Essay The body of the essay includes all the detailed facts you found during the research phase. Use each paragraph to address a fact or category of facts. These paragraphs are called topic paragraphs. Start out with a topic sentence, state the fact(s), and then describe why they are important/ relevant. Repeat this formula for three to five topic paragraphs in your essay or more depending on your word count. Conclude the Essay The conclusion is used to further reinforce our main thesis. It is similar to your introduction, but it should be worded differently. Repeat the importance of your topic, review your main points, and then end by providing a summary. Revise and Edit Your Work Once you have finished writing, you need to revise your work and make any changes you deem necessary. Consider the following aspects while revising: Is the analysis objective and unbiased? Are the facts relevant and logical? Is the language clear and effective? Are the paragraphs tightly focused on one aspect? Does the conclusion sufficiently state the overall meaning? Once you are happy with the draft, go ahead and proofread your essay. Check for any mistakes in grammar and fix any punctuation errors. Expository essays are useful for understanding ideas and their context. So, enjoy your assignment as it will help you understand this ancient civilization better or help you delve in any subject you are interested in.

The successfulness of using a mental disorder as a criminal defense Term Paper

The successfulness of using a mental disorder as a criminal defense - Term Paper Example This might have been due to the recent opinions on the ban of the death penalty for juveniles which might justify the barring of the execution of persons with various mental disabilities. Atkins v. Virginia The Atkins v. Virginia (00-8452) 536 U.S. 304 (2002) 260 Va. 375, 534 S.  E. 2d 312 case, is an example of cases that addresses the issue of death penalty, as a cruel and abnormal punishment and a violation of the Eighth amendment imposed upon a mentally retarded individual. Daryl Renard Atkins was convicted of abducting, robbing, and murdering Eric Nesbitt. During the hearing of Atkins’ sentence, the presented evidence was that Atkins was mentally retarded. The jury gave Atkins a death sentence. The Virginia Supreme Court ordered the second hearing, but Atkins was again given a death penalty; which the Virginia Supreme Court affirmed. The U.S Supreme Court granted certiorari to review the case (Carmen, Ritter, & Witt, 2008). The petitioner, Daryl Renard Atkins argued tha t procedures allowing the infliction of the death penalty on the mentally retarded individuals notwithstanding their diminished accountability violated the Eighth amendment. Atkins further argued that by executing a mentally retarded individual, the decency standards were offended. ... Justification for the death penalty, revenge and preclusion was appropriate for mentally retarded persons. It was risky to impose the death penalty, since the mentally retarded persons are expected to be poor witnesses and unable to support their counsel. Justice Stevens rendered the death penalty as inappropriate. Chief justice Rehnquist, Justice Scalia, and Thomas, agreed to the court’s reliance on the foreign laws, which prohibited the death penalty of mentally retarded persons. Rehnquist found out that when sentencing, jury information was considerable in determining contemporary values. The information and State legislations should be the major factor to determine the contemporary values (Carmen, Ritter, & Witt, 2008). Justice Scalia, Justice Rehnquist, and Thomas disagreed on the sentence after realizing that the court had agreed and followed personal feelings in deciding the case. Scalia noted that the information presented showed that there was a consensus, and that St ate legislation prohibiting execution of mentally retarded persons was not yet developed. Scalia further stated that, it is possible for one to fake the symptoms of mental retardation. Finally, Scalia pointed out that mentally retarded individuals are vulnerable to the death penalty. However, in sentencing, their background could be considered as a mitigating factor (Carmen, Ritter, & Witt, 2008). States that allowed the execution of the mentally retarded persons were forced to modify their statutes with regard to the decision made in the Atkins case. Moreover, it was noted that as a means of avoiding death penalty, more â€Å"mental retardation† claims were expected. The Atkins case is